Pestle Analysis for Education

Political| * Schools being privatised (like the NHS) * A government initiative creates the risk that the school may fail to deliver the policy or be diverted away from local priorities etc. * Changes to the skills required to be a teacher/ tutor * Changes to curriculum with short lead times * Requirement to be self managing * Requirement to be self financing| Economic| * Central or local government funding decisions may affect school/ establishment finances * Closure of a local industry may affect fund raising plans etc. Ability of parents to raise funds for optional activities * The need to run breakfast/ after schools clubs * Ability to invest ‘savings/ surpluses’ * Cost of providing resources: * Staff – teaching & support * Basics – books/ paper * Technology solutions laptops etc * Interest rates * Shortages of materials on national/ international markets * Over provision of school places in the area resulting in competition from neighbouring schools * T he risk of highly valued, key staff moving on to more ‘up and coming’ schools/ academies| Social| * Decline in birth rate, reflecting national trends * Local population changes (increasing/ decreasing numbers) * Demographic changes may affect likely pupil rolls or the nature of pupils needs e. g. pupils with English as a second language etc. Closure of local firms providing employment * Inability to attract staff * Social networking – blogs, facebook, twitter * Changes to qualifications expected * Integration with local community * Integration of students with special needs * parental preference – an increase in ‘parent power’ has allowed parents more freedom of choice over their child’s school * the risk of highly valued, key staff moving on to more up-and-coming establishments * Information is accessible to staff anywhere in the world via the Internet * Staff were not given enough training or access to effectively change their habits and how they expected information to be made available| Technological| * Changes to standards/ equipment required * Risk of selecting the wrong technology at times of change (i. e. windows -v- open source) * New computer viruses may affect school/ college operations, * Disturbing/ illegal images on the internet may affect ICT security measures etc. * Move from paper based books to e-book readers * Computer hardware being out of date * Computer software being out of date * Time to anage IT systems  | Legislative| * new legislation may create risks of non-compliance with the law, create new administrative burdens etc * Changes to child protection legislation * Raise the age of school leaving age * Raise/ lower the age of starting school. Nursery/ kindergarten * Change to school opening hours * Changes to funding of charity based organisations * Health & safety legislation| Environmental| * A new highway layout near the school may create new dangers for pupils etc * Waste disposal * Reduction of green space available for activities * Changes to local bus routes * Using a significant amounts of paper and photocopier toner to produce printed information. |

Kite Runner Essay Essay

â€Å"There are only really a few stories to tell in the end, and betrayal and the failure of love is one of those good stories to tell†- Sean Lennon. Khaled Hosseini’s ‘The Kite Runner’ is a story that really is quite relevant to this quote. People might say that it isn’t, but there betrayal in almost every nook and cranny of the story. Betrayal is simply defined as being disloyal to someone, yet it is so much more than that. Betrayal can cause the greatest sadness in life. It can cripple a man’s heart and could be the cause of one’s death. Amir’s betrayal towards Hassan; Baba’s betrayal towards Amir, Hassan and Ali; Rahim Khan’s betrayal towards Amir when he told him to get Sohrab and send him to John and Betty Caldwell. All of them terrible betrayals, but in the end, the reason for each and every person’s weaknesses, but more importantly, their strengths. These are probably what makes the book so interesting. â€Å"†¦The failure of love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is also a main topic throughout the book, how characters repeatedly disappoint each other, creating hatred, anger, sadness, and eventually even loss. In this book betrayal is the main action, the dominant style and the prevalent idea. I suppose it makes it a lot like real life. The first betrayal mentioned in the book, and possibly the most important one is Amir’s betrayal towards Hassan when he silently watches as Hassan is raped. Throughout the book, Amir remembers, and reminds us of this betrayal towards Hassan and how it was his fault that Hassan was raped and eventually, how it was his fault Hassan was killed. In his letter, Rahim Khan says, â€Å"What you did was wrong, Amir jan, but do not forget that you were a boy when it happened. A troubled little boy. † He was right, it didn’t excuse the mistake Amir had made but it gave him a reason to feel just a tiny bit better about himself. But he didn’t, Amir blamed himself for Hassan’s death, and over time in helped him grow as a person and even become a lot like Baba. He regrets the deed he did and tried to make things right by adopting Hassan’s son and giving him a better life after Hassan was killed. Even then, he goes back on his promise to Sohrab, Hassan’s son, that he would never put him back in an orphanage, causing Sohrab to attempt committing suicide, probably the darkest scene in the entire story. After being discharged from the hospital, Sohrab and Amir go back to San Francisco and from then on Sohrab lives on the periphery of Amir and Soraya’s life. Then finally, Amir is given a chance at redemption at the afghan gathering at the Lake Elizabeth Park in Fremont, when he started flying a kite and Sohrab decides to join him. After cutting down the last kite, Amir asks Sohrab whether or not he wants him to run that kite for him, and Sohrab nods. Then Amir says,’ For you a thousand times over’, the last Hassan had said to Amir before he was raped. The second most important betrayal mentioned in the book, which we find out about near the end of the book is Baba’s betrayal towards Amir, Hassan and Ali. After learning about this Amir’s entire viewpoint of Baba changed. He no longer saw him as a towering figure of Pashtun might and began to see him as a thief, the very thing Baba had said to be the worst sin in the world. Baba’s betrayal had been that he was Hassan’s actual father, because Ali was actually sterile. Amir and Hassan had both grown up unaware of this and Hassan had even died unaware of this. This betrayal caused many unfortunate events. If Amir had known about them being brothers, he might not have let him get raped. If Hassan had known he might not have left with Ali and might not have died. And most importantly Sohrab wouldn’t have to be an orphan. This betrayal caused Amir to travel to Afghanistan and get beaten up greatly by Assef. It was probably the betrayal that caused the most pain to the characters in the book. But it was a necessary act. In Afghan society, honor was and important factor to one’s reputation, and if people had learnt that Hassan, the child of a Hazara woman, was the son of Baba, a greatly respected and highly reputed man, then he would most likely have lost all credibility in his community. Unfortunately the solution he had found for to let Ali think that he was the child’s father. This act took all of Ali’s nang and namoos, his pride and honor, without his even realizing it. The third and of the listed, probably the least important betrayal in the book was Rahim Khan’s betrayal towards Amir when he lied about John and Betty Caldwell saying that Sohrab would be in a safe place with them. After the trauma both Amir and Sohrab go through, it turns out that the Caldwell’s don’t even exist. This was the start of problems for Amir. After he no longer could send Sohrab to the Caldwell’s due to their lack of existence, he had no choice but to adopt him. When he asked, Sohrab didn’t answer just cried into Amir’s shirt. Later when Sohrab has to go to an orphanage so that Amir can complete the adoption process, Sohrab attempts suicide. Finally they make it back to San Francisco where Sohrab is always silent and eventually people begin thinking he is mute. Amir near-death experience and Sohrab’s attempt at suicide could both have been avoided had Rahim Khan not called Amir, but then Amir would never have solved his emotional crisis. So even though it was a betrayal, it was a betrayal that benefitted the people it betrayed. Betrayal and love are two factors that affect almost every emotional decision we make. The decision might benefit one while putting others at a disadvantage. Amir, Baba and Rahim Khan, three of the most influential characters in the story are the ones to tell the biggest lies and cause the most pain. Baba and Amir cause emotional and psychological pain while Rahim Khan’s lie causes Amir a great deal of physical pain as well. But in the end Amir’s lie hurt the people he loved, while Baba and Rahim Khan told lies that benefitted someone in one way or another. In Baba’s lie, Hassan had to make his identity into that of a hazara, causing him to face taunts all the time, but it made it easier for him to be accepted, as much as a hazara is accepted in Afghan society, and saved his own reputation. If he had accepted Hassan as his second son, he would have been ridiculed and they would have to face shame together. Rahim Khan’s lie, while it physically caused Amir a great deal of pain, eventually ended his psychological turmoil and gave Sohrab a new home in which he would be loved. But Amir’s lie only caused pain and suffering for both him and Hassan. Hassan eventually had to leave the house as Amir could no longer tolerate the consequences of what he had done and therefore tried to frame Hassan. After their leaving, every time Baba brought up the topic of Hassan, Amir felt a pang of jealousy and began to have trouble breathing. All in all, all the betrayals in the book, make it better in one way or another because after there are only a few good stories to tell, and the ones of betrayal and the failure of love are the best ones.

'Tort Law gives unjustified preference to corrective justice over Essay

'Tort Law gives unjustified preference to corrective justice over distributive justice.' Critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example Some scholars like Coleman (1994) have argued that the nature of the law of torts favors the corrective ends, whereas others like Konow (2003) as well as Wolf and Musselman (1990) argues that there is a need for the law of torts to strike a balance between the distributive and the corrective ends of the law. Not withstanding the foregoing controversial debates, the law of torts tends to lean its balance more towards the corrective end than the distributive ends. Tort Law: Basic Features The term â€Å"tort† is a word that is derived from Latin word â€Å"tortum†, to mean â€Å"injustice â€Å"or wrong. The law of tort therefore proceeds from recognition of the fact that some acts in society may be unjust and therefore needs to be corrected through the law. According to Coleman (1994), a tort may be defined to mean â€Å"a wrongful act that causes injury to a person or property and the law allows for a claim by the injured party to be compensated for damages.† S ome of the generic labels that have been associated with torts include â€Å"breach of duty† although this is just on of the major concepts in the law of torts. The law of tort has no absolute formulas through which questions are resolved. Both the legal scholars and the judiciary have pointed out emphatically the facts that the law of torts is a complex process that is never mechanically applied nor is it static; rather it often depends on circumstances of the case, and that as time elapses, more and more torts get discovered (Blomqiuist [1990]; Koestler V. Pollard [199]); Patel [200]). The tortseeks to reflect the balance the society seeks to strike between competing values. The facts in the case in question determine the right decision. For instance, automobile drivers are made liable to the injuries that they cause as they carry out their duty but only if the injury results from their fault or negligence. On the other hand, manufactures take the liability of the injuries stemming from their defective products, the reasonable care they might have taken not withstanding. Most individual torts require that fault be shown on the defendant’s part. More often, the extent of the defendant’s fault will form the basis of the liability that the defendant bears to the plaintiff. This is the case with torts such as negligence, defamation, nuisance and trespass. However, within the law of torts there are also cases of strict liability torts where the defendant will not be required to prove fault on the part of the defendant; it will suffice for purposes of tortious remedies against the defendant that the plaintiff suffered damage and that the damage was occasioned by an action or omission of the defendant (strict liability torts).Generally, at common law, the strict liability torts are restricted to activities that are hazardous. There is also Liability for Defective Products Act, 1991 which creates strict liabilities on manufacturers with regard s to health sustained by consumers of their products. The principle function of the law of tort is to establish weather there is an offence and if there is to come up with a remedy. At common law, damages are the most widespread remedy. In such a judgment, the defendant is normally required to offer financial compensation to the

Will It Be Possible for more African Nations to Transition to Essay

Will It Be Possible for more African Nations to Transition to Democracy - Essay Example Not all African nations lack democracy; however, most of the African nations have demonstrated poor or lack of democracy. These can be seen through personal dictatorships, one-party systems and military regimes. This paper will examine the barriers to democratic transition in African countries. Secondly, the paper will explore how African countries can overcome these difficulties. Lastly, the paper will focus on South Africa as a country that has moved towards democratic transition. Will it be possible for more African nations to transition to democracy? Why it is incredibly difficult for African nations to democratic transition According to Riley (1991), African nations can adopt democracy as most western countries such as the United States have adopted. However, the transition to democracy is incredibly a difficult task, which requires many changes in hindrances to democratic transition. There are several policies that need to be adopted by most African nations in order to enhance their chances for a democratic transition. South Africa is one of the African nations that have demonstrated a successful democratic transition through overcoming the barriers of such a transition. There are several barriers that prevent the African nations from having a successful democratic transition. First, there has been the lack of democratic culture in many African nations. There is an African culture that allows a single chief who cannot be challenged throughout the history of African leadership. Such a tradition has passed across generations and is a barrier to democratic transition (Bates, 1995). In addition, in many African nations, the sense of a democratic majority is expressed by a single party system and a need for unity among ethnic, cultural and linguistic groups. Such an idea leads to conflicts among various tribes and cultures. The other barrier to successful democratic transition includes the underdeveloped economies in many African nations. Democracy is expensiv e since it requires the establishment of institutions that deal with problems such as corruption, poor governance, and dictatorship. The institutions of democratic government and civil society are weak in many countries; this makes the transition to democracy a substantial challenge. Being underdeveloped, most of the African countries cannot support the establishment of democratic institutions (Bates, 1995). Riley (1991) asserts that unstable societies can be regarded as a barrier to democratic transition in many African nations, which has resulted from wars and violence. Some African countries such as Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, and Rwanda have experienced tribal or civil wars. For a successful democratic transition, there must be a stable society that focuses on the development. The effects of wars tend to be tremendous both economically and socially. Economic and social inequalities tend to undermine one’s capacity to participate in public discourses that may lead to significant changes in life. The violation of human rights in many African countries also hinders the transition to governance. In these countries, human rights are not given a priority; there are many cases of child abuse, rape, killings and even slavery and other human rights violations (Nzongola-Ntalaja & Lee, 1997). In such a state, it is almost impossible to have a successful transition to democracy. Poor education system in many African countries is also a barrier to democratic transition. In countries where there is democracy, such as United States, education systems aim at producing scholars who are capable of criticizing the lack of democracy. Poor education results to low earning and low standards of living. Consequently, income inequality may undermine democratic instit

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example According to Sumathi, the primary markets that the business can target are (1) consumer markets, (2) institutional markets, (3) industrial markets, and (4) reseller market. The company can target any of these markets to promote and sell its products. Nonetheless, there are no clear-cut for the categorization above. A business may target all the above categories or just one (Sumathi 2003). In the case of Blackberry Porsche P9981, the focus will be on the consumer market. However, the other three remaining are also a potential target market for Blackberry Porsche P9981. In this case, the consumer markets include all the individuals and households that buy and consume the Blackberry Porsche P9981 for their own personal use only. In particular, this group of people is not interested in setting themselves as manufacturers or reselling the product. Their main goal is personal consumption to maximize their utility. In this case, the target market for Blackberry Porsche P’9981 includes mainly businesspersons and teenagers from the rich background. Selecting a target market simply imply identifying more potential customers. A business can do this after it has segmented the buyers and developed appropriate measures of consumer insight about those buyers. Selecting the target market for Blackberry Porsche P’9981 is determined by two important factors. They include the attractiveness of the market segment and its fit within the firm’s resources, objectives, and capabilities. These three must be given appropriate consideration in order to help the business achieve its overall goals and objectives (Noel 2009). The market segment of businesspersons and rich teenagers is very attractive making it a highly suitable target market for Blackberry Porsche P’9981. The size of this market segment is enormous, with many potential customers. The population of young people in our society is rapidly growing and their income level rises steadily.

Fast Paced Financial Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fast Paced Financial - Term Paper Example Designed to work with existing address-book standards and improve compatibility between widely differing systems, the ldap standard was adopted by the ietf in 1997 and now forms the basis of many white-page directories on the web. It has also been incorporated directly into some software programs and operating systems, making it possible to find e-mail addresses without visiting a directory site† (Ldap. 2003). LDAP was established after X.500 protocol, which was also a directory service standard protocol. However, X.500 incorporated high overhead and consequent dawdling response due to heavy X.500 clients. Consequently, keeping in mind the overheads of X.500 slow response, Light Weight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was created. LDAP is implemented for both Microsoft Windows and Linux / UNIX clients. In order to make LDAP operational for Linux / UNIX, windows active directory configuration is required. LDAP is proficient in terms of accessing directory information due to inte gration of a designed database. The architecture integrates the security protocols including Kerberos that is defined as â€Å"An access control system that was developed at MIT in the 1980s. Turned over to the IETF for standardization in 2003, it was designed to operate in both small companies and large enterprises with multiple domains and authentication servers. The Kerberos concept uses a "master ticket" obtained at logon, which is used to obtain additional "service tickets" when a particular resource is required† (Gallaher, Link, & Brent R. Rowe,). Kerberos provides authentication and authorization. Moreover, LDAP services provide, automated imitation of information to multiple workstations, providing towering performance, redundancy and elevated availability. In order to provide elasticity wile storing data, extensible schemas are incorporated. The protocols including Kerberos and LDAP are compatible to various system platforms due to standardization (Likewise storage s ervices). However, LDAP implementations with vendor-defined directories are not efficient with the Windows environments, resulting in management of several directories and store identifications. Active directory is â€Å"an implementation of LDAP directory services by Microsoft for use in Windows environments. Active Directory allows administrators to assign enterprise-wide policies, deploy programs to many computers, and apply critical updates to an entire organization. An Active Directory stores information and settings relating to an organization in a central, organized, accessible database. Active Directory networks can vary from a small installation with a few hundred objects, to a large installation with millions of objects† (Active Directory. 2007). Few checklists are applicable including the network connectivity testing and raising the Active directory domain functional level to Windows 2003. The business benefit focusing on business continuity is also managed efficie ntly, as the user profiles along with sensitive data is stored in centralized Active directory servers. In case of a system failure, or crash, data can be recovered from user profiles to a new system. Moreover, total cost of ownership is also decreased, as it can be configured and managed by a centralized location. Furthermore, effective IT resource management is carried out via the entire network that will provide a

Health Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Health Psychology - Essay Example This is because information on healthcare issue is available to anyone from any location. According to Moffat & Eley (2010) increased access to healthcare services in areas that previously had limited access is one of the advantages of using telemedicine in Australia. In essence, rural Australians have been able to gain more access to clinical services, a factor that may eventually lead to a reduction in the discrepancies between urban and rural healthcare quality in Australia. The cost-effectiveness of telemedicine in Australia cannot be underestimated. Georgeff (2007) writes that the use of telemedicine could save the government approximately 1.5 billion U.S dollars that are used per annum to treat people with chronic illnesses. Moffat & Eley (2010) add that apart from reduced costs on the part of the government, patients have also had to pay less for clinical services. In addition, the burden of having to physically go to a health center in order to get clinical services has been reduced. This is especially so, for the aged and for people suffering from chronic illnesses. On the other hand, there are several barriers that limit the uptake of telemedicine in Australia. Funding, as Robertson et.al states (2011), is a major hindrance as most practitioners use outdated resources to conduct consultations due lack of funds to buy and update resources. Consequently, many practitioners prefer to use paper formats that are provided freely by pharmaceutical companies. Additionally, practitioners claim that there are no financial incentives in telemedicine, as most consultations conducted using this method are not reimbursed and extra time is not compensated (Moffat & Eley, 2011). Time- It requires a lot of time for a telemedicine consultation, thus increasing the workload of doctors. According to Robertson et.al (2011) doctors would prefer that clinical information be integrated into their normal clinical software, since logging in and off while

Write information about Jacob's Pillow, the dance festival and school Essay

Write information about Jacob's Pillow, the dance festival and school in Becket, Massachusetts - Essay Example Every year multitudes from across the United States and around the world come to experience the festival in Berkshires of Western Massachusetts with more than 50 dance companies and 200 free talks, performance, and events. The school at Jacob’s Pillow is among the most prestigious dance professional training centers in the United States. At Jacob’s Pillow School, trainees are allowed to explore the rare extensive Pillow dance archives. The School also allows trainees to take part in various community programs designed to engage and educate dance audiences of all ages. In summary, the mission of the Jacob’s Pillow Dance is to support dance creation, education, presentation and preservation: and to deepen and engage the public support and appreciation for dance. It presents the world premieres, master and emerging artists, United States debuts, and collaborations with visual artists, composers, and writers consist of over 160 presented performances every festival year. The development and new forms of art work are supported through commissions. The School at Jacob’s Pillow offer training through eminent faculty that produces both great dancers and great artists. The Pillow is also a National Historic Landmark with an extensive and rare dance archives entailing materials from 1894 through to now. The Pillow engages the student, artists, scholars and the general public in experiencing the dance through more than 200 free talks and performance, tours, rehearsals, and interaction with scholars, artists, composers, filmmakers, and

Not deciding yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Not deciding yet - Essay Example In other words, we can also say that the gradual increase in the minimum wage rate will show relatively negative values of the employment rate in the US labor market. The maximum wage rate will result into the highest negative value of the employment rate. These statistics are shown in the research study conducted by the Federal Department, which was conducted to check the implications of the proposal of increase in the minimum wage rate maximum up to $ 9 – 10 / hour. In case of a perfect competition in the market among different firms, all the resources are equally available to all the possible market players. The firms are facing a neck-to-neck competition between each other competitive firm. In this situation, every decision should be taken very carefully because the firm managers will have to compete with many other game players also. Therefore, according to my opinion an increase in the minimum wage rate in case of a perfect competitive market will cause a decrease in the employment rate of that particular labor market. Because if any State or Government is increasing the wage rates then firms or the employers still have other options available to hire the cheap labor from where it is available. In case of a monopolistic competition, all the firms have individual products and services; they are not competing directly with each other just because of the reason that their products are not exactly substitute to each other. In case of a monopoli stic competitive market, the increase the minimum wage rate may also cause an increase in the employment rate just because of the reason that every firm will require certain skills and expertise for their production. They cannot hire any available labor if they are cheap as compare to the home market. The products and services of the firms are not similar to each other therefore; there will be certain set of skills, which is required by any manager of the firm. Therefore, we can predict that in case of a

Patient Teaching Essay Example for Free

Patient Teaching Essay Introduction: I have chosen breastfeeding as my teaching topic for this assignment. The specific clientà ¨le will be the new mother at between 2 and 7 days postpartum, newly discharged from hospital. As a community health nurse working with children and young families, I do initial postpartum visits at home. Breastfeeding is a very complex skill, natural, yet sometimes difficult to do. The client is often overwhelmed with information received in hospital, so sessions must be kept short, and made easy to understand. The area in which I work is multicultural. There is often a language barrier which further complicates teaching and learning. Finding a teachable moment is easy (London, p. 95). New mothers are eager for help in providing the best for their babies. Mothers whose babies refuse to latch onto the breast or who have an incorrect latch, may sometimes become very tense and stressed. It is important to remain calm and supportive during teaching. The client must be educated, not simply taught new skills (Rankin, p. 73). The newly acquired information will allow her to make her own decisions and to be the head of her own health care team. Assessment: I have been working with postpartum women for the past 6 years, and have 3 children of my own. I am able to use my own personal experiences with breastfeeding, my last having stopped only 2 years ago. I work well with my co-workers, I know that I cannot do it alone (London, p.51). We help each other every step of the way and have a good back-up system available in the community. These include lactation consultants, breastfeeding clinics, doctors, social workers and community agencies. The learner and her family are at the head of the team (London, p.47). They are usually very motivated to learn and ultimately want what is best for the baby. It is easier to form relationships with the client at home (London, p. 63). The environment is non-threatening to the learner and teacher. I can also learn a lot about the client by observing the home. I have had many clients tell me they were breastfeeding exclusively who had half empty bottles of formula on the kitchen counter. The assessment process begins on the telephone before the visit. All new mothers are contacted when they arrive home. All are offered a home visit, some refuse. By help of a detailed questionnaire, we know the problems to focus on before the visit. This is very helpful as we can be better prepared with the necessary tools. Many patients are â€Å"red flag† patients (Rankin, p. 160). Some speak very little English, have financial problems, are on welfare, or are single mothers. Culture and religion can influence teaching (London, p.296). It is impossible to generalize about one culture, so we must be careful to dig deeper when presented with a situation which may be affected by ones background. The area I work in is multicultural. The women speak many languages and I often need to have a family member translate the teaching. This is sometimes quite challenging as I am not always sure that what is being translated is actually what I am saying! I try not to let my own beliefs get in the way of my patient care. I may not always agree with the decisions of others but always stay focused on the desired outcome. Some clients would prefer to breastfeed and others would prefer to bottle feed but are being influenced by family members. Support from family members generally improves the outcome (Stalling, p.163). The client will have an easier time adjusting to breastfeeding and will breastfeed for a longer period of time with family support. We need to make adjustments in our teaching based on each individuals views. (London, p. 303). We should never make assumptions about anything. Self-efficacy is a very important factor in learning to breastfeed. The learner who thinks she can do it, will be more successful. My department organizes a group that meets at the community center once a week. New mothers have a chance to meet each other and learn about breastfeeding. Using these role-models sometimes helps a woman with low self-efficacy learn to breastfeed (London, p.311). When I walk into a home, I can often tell within the first 10 minutes whether I will have to make a follow-up visit. At a typical visit I assess the baby and mother, help with breastfeeding if necessary and provide the mother with helpful information she will need in the first few months of the babys life. A typical visit lasts 1-2 hours. I usually provide printed material on the common breastfeeding problems to my clients. On the website WWW.Medela.com, there is very helpful information on breastfeeding in several languages. I use this site often to print out information on latching, sore nipples and engorgement. The information on the site is generally well written and edited. The vocabulary is easy enough to understand by most women. It is grammatically correct. There are no difficult or very technical terms. The subject in this paper is a mother of two who did not breastfeed her first child. She speaks English and works as a clerk in a drugstore. She has a university degree, so can easily understand information at the 12th grade level. Planning: The general goal of this teaching is for the client to be able to breastfeed in the proper manner and to understand the benefits of breastfeeding in order to prolong breastfeeding for as long as possible. The following are the specific objectives for this clientà ¨le. At the end of the session: The client will state at least 5 benefits of breastfeeding vs bottle feeding. The client will demonstrate 3 different breastfeeding positions one time each. The client will describe the treatments for engorgement and sore nipples. The client will list 3 resources for further information after the visit. The client will recognize and state 3 factors which indicate the baby is receiving sufficient milk from breastfeeding. Teaching tools used will be demonstration, discussion, and hand-outs. It is important to prioritize learning needs. There are some facts which are very interesting but which are not necessary for the client to know. (Rankin, p. 191 and 197). The breastfeeding mother does not need to know the physiology of the breast, but she does need to understand the relationship between frequent feedings and increased milk production. Content outline: Discussion of the benefits of breastfeeding. Discussion of the factors indicating that the baby is receiving sufficient milk. Observation of the client breastfeeding using 3 different positions. Demonstration of proper breastfeeding technique for each position as needed. Discussion of breast engorgement and sore nipples and their management. Discussion of resources for further information about breastfeeding and the assess the need for a follow-up visit. * The teaching is mostly done by discussion and demonstration. This is a good way to get continuous feedback from the client. It is also a good way to ensure that all the important material is not forgotten. Practice makes perfect. Adult learners need to be involved in the teaching (Rankin, p. 196) and want to apply what they learn right away. This is especially important with breastfeeding, as the new mother must be able to master it within a very short time. It is not always necessary to cover all the information with each client. Some are too overwhelmed with information already; others may already have the knowledge base and simply need help with latching. Implementation: I generally start teaching about breastfeeding immediately after having evaluated the client. I begin by discussion of the benefits of breastfeeding and the factors which indicate that the baby is receiving enough milk. Many women do not believe that they have enough milk and worry about the need to offer a supplement. It is important to explain this to them. If they do offer a supplement, their own milk supply may be reduced. Then, I assist the client at putting the baby to the breast using different positions as needed. I sometimes use a dummy breast to show the client the correct angle to use while feeding to ensure a proper latch. Visual aids sometimes help to make it seem more real. When that has been mastered, I continue with a discussion of the two most common problems found in the first weeks of breastfeeding, sore nipples and engorgement. I provide the client with written material on proper latching technique, sore nipple management and engorgement. Since these problems sometimes occur after a few days or weeks, it is helpful for the client to have this information in writing. I also provide an information sheet on the resources the client can use if she should need further help after the visit. I generally make a follow-up call one to three days after the visit and a follow-up visit as necessary. I sometimes refer the clients to the company Medelas website, www.medela.com. This site provides helpful information on breastfeeding and the common associated problems. The computer is only a tool, however. It provides information, not education (London, p. 246). I remain available to my clients by telephone or by email at all times. Recording transcribed: (T=teacher, L=client) T: Did you breastfeed with your first child? L: No. I tried for about 3 days but gave up due to the pain. T: Did you receive any help? L: No. But it was less important to me then. I was ok with bottle feeding. T: Do you want to breastfeed Joshua? L: Yes. I will be taking a year off of work and would like to breastfeed him as long as possible. Many of my friends have had babies in the past years and all are breastfeeding. They make it look so easy. I decided to try harder this time. T: Joshua is 3 days old. How have you been feeding him? L: I tried to put him at the breast right after birth but he was too sleepy, and so was I. The first day he had a few bottles. Yesterday, I tried for the first time. I think it went ok but my nipples are very sore. I would like to learn how to breastfeed properly. T: Well, we can discuss a few things now and I can show you the proper technique for a few different positions when he wakes up. L: OK T: First of all, why do you want to breastfeed? L: Everyone is telling me that it is the best thing for my baby. T: They are right, but what do you think? L: I want to do whats best for Joshua. T: Breast milk is definitely the best for babies. One of the best things about breastfeeding is that the milk is always ready. You dont have any bottles to warm up or prepare, especially at 2:00 in the morning when youre exhausted. Because it is available right away, you dont have to make the baby wait. This will make it easier to calm him before he gets too agitated. It is also a great time to bond with the baby and will make Joshua feel more secure. Breast milk is the best thing for your baby. Do you know what colostrum is? L: Yes. I have been reading up on breastfeeding since I found out I was pregnant again. It is the yellow liquid that comes out before the milk comes in. I know that it helps to prevent jaundice. T: Yes that is true. It acts as a mild laxative to encourage the baby to pass his first stools of meconium. It can also help to prevent ear infections and allergies. It is very rich in nutrients and allergies. Did Julia have jaundice? L: No, she didnt. T: Do you know of other benefits of breastfeeding? L: I know that breast milk is the perfect formula for babies with the exact right nutrients that they need. It keeps babies from becoming overweight. I also know that it can help me lose the baby fat that much quicker. T: Thats true. It can also save you money. The average cost of formula for 1year is about $1800, and that doesnt include the bottles and other supplies. Breastfeeding requires you to eat about an extra 500 calories per day. This should cost, by comparison about $300 for the year. L: With all the expenses of a new baby, we can use that money for many other things. T: Thats for sure. L: Can breastfeeding keep me from getting pregnant again? T: No. It is not a sure form of contraception. Although it is relatively effective in the first 6 months if you breastfeed exclusively. Some women ovulate as early as 6 weeks postpartum even when breastfeeding. L: Good to know. T: Do you know how to tell if the baby is receiving enough milk? L: He will gain weight. T: Yes. Thats a very good sign in the long run. There are other things as well. He should have at least 3 urines today since he is 3 days old. Then, you should see one more each day until the sixth day. That means that on the 4th day, he should have at least 4, on the 5th day at least 5 and from the 6th day onwards, at least 6 per day. How many has he had today. L: So far he had 1 at 2:00 and another at 7:00. I dont think thats a problem. T: Good. We would also expect to see a few stools everyday. They should gradually change from the black meconium stools, to brown and then to yellow. Many breastfed babies have a stool with every feed, but some have only 1 or 2 per day. Both are normal. L: He has one almost every time he feeds. T: Thats great. He should also be satisfied between feeds. That means he would feed every 1 to 3 hours in the first few weeks and have some period in between when he sleeps or remains calm. You told me that he feeds about every 2.5 hours and usually sleeps in between, so it sounds like he is right on target. A baby who is too sleepy and needs to be woken up for feedings may also not be getting enough. Do you have any questions so far? L: No. Im glad hes getting enough milk and cant wait to see if hes gained weight. T: You mentioned that your nipples are very sore. Have you done anything for the pain? L: I am taking Advil and I was given some Lanolin ointment at the hospital. Do I need to wash it off before I feed the baby? T: No, it is harmless for the baby. The best way to avoid sore nipples is correct positioning at the breast. If you have sore nipples already, I will show you how to have Joshua latch on properly. Meanwhile, for the soreness, you should apply a small amount of your own breast milk on the nipples after each feeding. Then let it air dry as much as possible. After that, you can apply a bit of lanolin. Sometimes it helps to use different feeding positions during the day. L: The nurse at the hospital told me to let my breasts air dry, but that is not easy in the hospital. How often can I use the lanolin? T: You can use it 2-3 times per day. L: Ok. I will try that. T: Your milk has not come it yet, but should come in in the next few days. It usually comes in by the 3rd to 5th day. It is important to feed regularly to encourage your milk production and also to prevent engorgement. Do you know what engorgement is? L: Yes. I was very engorged about a week after Julia was born. T: Engorgement can be very painful and can make it impossible for the baby to latch on properly. (baby wakes up. L gets the baby) L: What should I do if I get engorged? T: Engorgement usually lasts only a few days. Some women just produce more milk than others. If you get engorged, it is important to continue feeding often. You can apply warm compresses and massage your breasts. If it is more severe, you may need to express a bit of milk for relief, which you can do manually or you may need to use a pump. A well-fitted supportive bra may help. L: I have bought a good bra, but havent worn it yet. I will send my husband out to buy a pump today. What kind do you recommend? T: It depends on how often you would like to use it. If you are planning to breastfeed all the time, then a manual pump may be enough. There are however, some inexpensive electrical pumps which you can buy for under $40. These may be easier and quicker to use. You can use them to relieve engorgement and to pump if you go out from time to time. L: My friend uses a Safety First pump which is electric. She bought it at Walmart for about $35 and says it works well. T: Thats probably a good choice for you too. Do you have access to the internet? L: Yes T: If you check out the site www.medela.com, you can find information about choosing a pump. If you pump to relieve engorgement, you should only pump for a few minutes. If you pump too much milk, you will only encourage more milk production. L: Thank you, Ill check the site. Would you like to see how I feed him now? T: Sure. (L puts baby to the breast using cross cradle positioning. The baby does not take enough of the areola so L has pain.) T: He is not on properly. To release the suction, place your finger gently between his gums, like this. In order to get him to latch on well, you first need to make sure that you are comfortable since you will be breastfeeding so often. Use pillows to get yourself comfortable. Take your time and relax before you start. When you are ready, make sure the babys nose is facing the nipple. His head should be aligned with his body. Gently stroke his upper lip with your nipple. When he opens his mouth, pull him quickly towards you, so that he can take as much of the areola as possible. L: How do I know if he is taking enough? T: The most important cue is that you will have no pain. Generally the babys chin is touching the bottom of the breast, and there is a small space between his nose and your breast. Hold your baby close to you and support his head. There is no normal or standard way to breastfeed. If the baby is feeding well and you have no pain, it is working well. L: I dont feel any pain now. T: Can you hear him swallow? L: Yes. T: Excellent. Then you are doing it very well. Notice how his body is aligned with his head, he is most comfortable that way. Look at his chin and his nose. See how they are positioned. You can see that he has opened his mouth very wide and is taking enough of the breast. Would you like me to show you how to hold him in some other positions? L: Yes. I would like to learn how to lie down to feed. It would be so much easier at night. T: Thats true. When youre very tired, its a lot easier. The basics are the same. You want to ensure that the baby is facing you and that his body is aligned with his head. Make yourself comfortable. Use a pillow behind your back or between your knees if you need one. (L Demonstrates the technique.) T: That is very good. Are you comfortable? L: Yes, very. And no pain! T: Breastfeeding is not always as easy as some people make it seem. It takes practice. The beginning is a learning process for you and for the baby. Let me show you one more position that you may like to use. This is the football hold. It is easier to use when the baby is small like Joshua; but is sometimes more difficult later on. Hold him so that his legs and body are under your arm, like this. Then place your hand under his head and neck. If youve ever played football, thats how a football is held. L: I dont like that one. It is much easier the other way. T: Not everybody likes that position. You have to do whats best for you and for your baby so use the position thats most comfortable. (Baby weighed – lost 8.5% of birth weight) T: He lost a bit more weight. But thats normal. Most breastfed babies lose 10% or more of their birth weight in the first few days. They usually regain their birth weight within 10 days. Do you remember how to tell if he is drinking enough? L: Yes. He should have at least 6 wet diapers every day after the 6th day and a couple of stools. He should also wake up alone to feed and sleep well between feedings. And of course, he should gain weight. T: Exactly. T: I will be returning to weigh Joshua again Wednesday (in 48 hrs). I will continue to follow him until he starts to gain some weight. If you need help before then, you can call the CLSC (community clinic) at the number I gave you earlier. As I told you earlier, there is a breastfeeding clinic every Thursday morning as well. At the clinics, there are nurses available to weight the baby and to help you more with breastfeeding. Here is some information on breastfeeding that we discussed today (pamphlets on latching, sore nipples and engorgement given). If you have any questions about them, let me know. Evaluation of learner: I always do a telephone follow-up within 1-3 days. This is very effective as the client will have had some time to process all the information (London, p.62). If necessary, a repeat visit will also be planned. Unfortunately I cannot always have the client do three separate demonstrations (London, p. 386) due to budget and time constraints. Discussion worked best with the subject in this paper. She was educated and was eager to learn proper techniques. She had self-efficacy, skills and knowledge – all important factors if changing behaviors (Rankin, p 292). She was alert and very interested in learning. She participated in the discussion. She was able to apply the information immediately during my visit. At the follow-up visit 2 days later, the client was doing very well. She was able to breastfeed without any pain or difficulty. We discussed engorgement again, a problem which had developed since my first visit. She explained what she had done to relieve the engorgement, which was how I had explained it to her. The â€Å"what if† scenario had worked .(London p.386) Evaluation of teacher: I could have done more assessment of the learner while I was teaching. I find myself being drawn into a routine with my teaching that is sometimes hard to get out of. Most of the teaching is very repetitive from one client to the next, however, each client learns in her own fashion. I try to keep the client interested in what I have to say. I encourage her and give her positive feedback. Sometimes I forget the goals of the session and get off track, or provide the client with unnecessary information. I find that using a checklist helps me to stay on the right track and to not omit anything important. Evaluation of resources: The handouts I usually give out to my clients on latching, engorgement and sore nipples, all score over 70% by the SAM test (Rankin, p.238), thus making them good resources. I provide this information to my clients to use as the situations arise. Although I explain the handouts to all my clients, not all women get engorged; for those that do, it usually happens after my visit. Having the handouts at home allows them to refer to the information as a reference when they need it most. Conclusion: The teaching session went very well. The client was intelligent, educated and eager to learn. Overall this teaching technique used for teaching breastfeeding works well with most of the clientà ¨le I see at home. Every person is unique and adjustments always need to be made accordingly. Bibliography: Forrest, S. (2004). Learning and teaching: The reciprocal link. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 35(2), 74-79. London, F. (1999). No time to teach? A nurse’s guide to patient and family education. New York: Lippincott. Medela (2007) Your Resource for breastfeeding products and information. [on-line]. Available: http://www.medela.com. Rankin, S.H., Stallings, K.D., London, F. (2005). Patient education in health and illness (5th ed.). New York: Lippincott.

Operation Of TWT And Magnetrons

Operation Of TWT And Magnetrons A traveling-wave tube (TWT) is an electronic device used to amplify radio frequency signals to high power, usually in an electronic assembly known as a traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA). The bandwidth of a broadband TWT can be as high as three octaves, although tuned (narrowband) versions exist, and operating frequencies range from 300Â  MHz to 50Â  GHz. The voltage gain of the tube can be of the order of 70 decibels. Traveling-Wave Tubes Traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) are high-gain, low- noise, wide and width microwave amplifiers, capable of gains of 40 dB or more, with bandwidths of over an octave. (A bandwidth of 1 octave is one in which the upper frequency is twice the lower frequency.) TWTs have been designed for frequencies as low as 300 MHz and as high as 50 GHz. The primary use for TWTs is voltage amplification (although high-power TWTs, with characteristics similar to those of a power klystron, have been developed). Their wide bandwidth and low-noise characteristics make them ideal for use as RF amplifiers. CONSTRUCTION: The device is an elongated vacuum tube with an electron gun (a heated cathode that emits electrons) at one end. A magnetic containment field around the tube focuses the electrons into a beam, which then passes down the middle of a wire helix that stretches from the RF input to the RF output, the electron beam finally striking a collector at the other end. A directional coupler, which can be either a waveguide or an electromagnetic coil, fed with the low-powered radio signal that is to be amplified, is positioned near the emitter, and induces a current into the helix. The helix acts as a delay line, in which the RF signal travels at near the same speed along the tube as the electron beam. The electromagnetic field due to the RF signal in the helix interacts with the electron beam, causing bunching of the electrons (an effect called velocity modulation), and the electromagnetic field due to the beam current then induces more current back into the helix (i.e. the current builds up and thus is amplified as it passes down). A second directional coupler, positioned near the collector, receives an amplified version of the input signal from the far end of the helix. An attenuator placed on the helix, usually between the input and output helicies, prevents reflected wave from travelling back to the cathode. Higher powered TWTs usually contain beryllium oxide ceramic as both a helix support rod and in some cases, as an electron collector for the TWT because of its special electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. OPERATION AND WORKING While the electron beam in a klystron travels primarily in regions free of RF electric fields, the beam in a TWT is continually inter- acting with an RF electric field propagating along an external circuit surrounding the beam. To obtain amplification, the TWT must propagate a wave whose phase velocity is nearly synchronous with the dc velocity of the electron beam. It is difficult to accelerate the beam to greater than approximately one- fifth the velocity of light. Therefore, the forward velocity of the RF field propagating along the helix must be reduced to nearly that of the beam. The phase velocity in a waveguide, which is uniform in the direction of propagation, is always greater than the velocity of light. However, this velocity can be reduced below the velocity of light by introducing a periodic variation of the circuit in the direction of propagation. The simplest form of variation is obtained by wrapping the circuit in the form of a helix, whose pitch is equal to the desire d slowing factor. TWT MIXER.- A TWT is also used as a micro- wave mixer. By virtue of its wide bandwidth, the TWT can accommodate the frequencies generated by the heterodyning process (provided that the frequencies have been chosen to be within the range of the tube). The desired frequency is selected by the use of a filter on the output of the helix. A TWT mixer has the added advantage of providing gain as well as simply acting as a mixer. TWT MODULATION.- A TWT can be modulated by applying the modulating signal to a modulator grid. The modulator grid can be used to turn the electron beam on and off, as in pulsed microwave applications, or to control the density of the beam and its ability to transfer energy to the traveling wave. Thus, the grid can be used to amplitude modulate the output. TWT OSCILLATOR.- A forward-wave TWT can be constructed to serve as a microwave oscillator. Physically, a TWT amplifier and an oscillator differ in two major ways. The helix of the oscillator is longer than that of the amplifier, and there is no input connection to the oscillator. TWT oscillators are often called backward-wave oscillators (BWOs) or carcintrons. The Traveling-Wave Tube The TRAVELING-WAVE TUBE (twt) is a high-gain, low-noise, wide-bandwidth microwave amplifier. It is capable of gains greater than 40 dB with bandwidths exceeding an octave. (A bandwidth of 1 octave is one in which the upper frequency is twice the lower frequency.) Traveling-wave tubes have been designed for frequencies as low as 300 megahertz and as high as 50 gigahertz. The twt is primarily a voltage amplifier. The wide-bandwidth and low-noise characteristics make the twt ideal for use as an RF amplifier in microwave equipment. The physical construction of a typical twt is shown in figure 2-13. Fig-2 The twt contains an electron gun which produces and then accelerates an electron beam along the axis of the tube. The surrounding magnet provides a magnetic field along the axis of the tube to focus the electrons into a tight beam. The HELIX, at the center of the tube, is a coiled wire that provides a low-impedance transmission line for the RF energy within the tube. The RF input and output are coupled onto and removed from the helix by directional couplers that have no physical connection to the helix. If the RF energy is transported on coaxial cables, the coaxial couplers are wound in a helical manner similar to that shown in figure 2. If the RF energy is transported in waveguides, waveguide directional couplers are used. The attenuator prevents any reflected waves from traveling back down the helix. Physical construction of a twt. A simplified version of twt operation is shown in fig below. In the figure, an electron beam is passing along a nonresonant transmission line represente d by a straight wire. The input to the transmission line is an RF wave which travels on the line from input to output. The line will transport a wide range of RF frequencies if it is terminated in the characteristic impedance of the line. The electromagnetic waves traveling down the line produce electric fields that interact with the electrons of the beam. Fig:-3 If the electrons of the beam were accelerated to travel faster than the waves traveling on the wire, bunching would occur through the effect of velocity modulation. Velocity modulation would be caused by the interaction between the traveling-wave fields and the electron beam. Bunching would cause the electrons to give up energy to the traveling wave if the fields were of the correct polarity to slow down the bunches. The energy from the bunches would increase the amplitude of the traveling wave in a progressive action that would take place all along the length of the twt, as shown in figure . However, because the waves travel along the wire at the speed of light, the simple twt shown in figure 3 will not work. At present no way is known to accelerate an electron beam to the speed of light. Since the electron beam cannot travel faster than the wave on the wire, bunching will not take place and the tube will not work. The twt is therefore designed with a delay structure to slow the tra veling wave down to or below the speed of the electrons in the beam. A common twt delay structure is a wire, wound in the form of a long coil or helix, as shown in figure , view (A). The shape of the helix slows the effective velocity of the wave along the common axis of the helix and the tube to about one-tenth the speed of light. The wave still travels down the helix wire at the speed of light, but the coiled shape causes the wave to travel a much greater total distance than the electron beam. The speed at which the wave travels down the tube can be varied by changing the number of turns or the diameter of the turns in the helix wire. The helical delay structure works well because it has the added advantage of causing a large proportion of electric fields that are parallel to the electron beam. The parallel fields provide maximum interaction between the fields and the electron beam. In a typical twt, the electron beam is directed down the center of the helix while, at the same time, an RF signal is coupled onto the helix. The electrons of the beam are velocity-modulated by the electric fields produced by the RF signal. Amplification begins as the electron bunches form and release energy to the signal on the helix. The slightly amplified signal causes a denser electron bunch which, in turn, amplifies the signal even more. The amplification process is continuous as the RF wave and the electron beam travel down the length of the tube. Any portion of the twt output signal that reflects back to the input will cause oscillations within the tube which results in a decrease in amplification. Attenuators are placed along the length of the helix to prevent reflections from reaching the input. The attenuator causes a loss in amplitude, as can be seen in figure , view (B), but it can be placed so as to minimize losses while still isolating the input from the output. The rel atively low efficiency of the twt partially offsets the advantages of high gain and wide bandwidth. The internal attenuator reduces the gain of the tube, and the power required to energize the focusing magnet is an operational loss that cannot be recovered. The twt also produces heat which must be dissipated by either air-conditioning or liquid-cooling systems. All of these factors reduce the overall efficiency of the twt, but the advantages of high gain and wide bandwidth are usually enough to overcome the disadvantages. THE MAGNETRON The MAGNETRON, shown in figure 4-A, is a self-contained microwave oscillator that operates differently from the linear-beam tubes, such as the twt and the klystron. Figure 4-B is a simplified drawing of the magnetron. CROSSED-ELECTRON and MAGNETIC fields are used in the magnetron to produce the high-power output required in radar and communications equipment. Figure 4.A.-Magnetron Figure4 b.-Magnetron The magnetron is classed as a diode because it has no grid. A magnetic field located in the space between the plate (anode) and the cathode serves as a grid. The plate of a magnetron does not have the same physical appearance as the plate of an ordinary electron tube. Since conventional inductive- capacitive (LC) networks become impractical at microwave frequencies, the plate is fabricated into a cylindrical copper block containing resonant cavities which serve as tuned circuits. The magnetron base differs considerably from the conventional tube base. The magnetron base is short in length and has large diameter leads that are carefully sealed into the tube and shielded. The cathode and filament are at the center of the tube and are supported by the filament leads. The filament leads are large and rigid enough to keep the cathode and filament structure fixed in position. The output lead is usually a probe or loop extending into one of the tuned cavities and coupled into a waveguide or coaxial line. The plate structure, shown in figure 5, is a solid block of copper. The cylindrical holes around its circumference are resonant cavities. A narrow slot runs from each cavity into the central portion of the tube dividing the inner structure into as many segments as there are cavities. Alternate segments are strapped together to put the cavities in parallel with regard to the output. The cavities control the output frequency. The straps are circular, metal bands that are placed across the top of the block at the entrance slots to the cavities. Since the cathode must operate at high power, it must be fairly large and must also be able to withstand high operating temperatures. It must also have good emission characteristics, particularly under return bombardment by the electrons. This is because most of the output power is provided by the large number of electrons that are emitted when high-velocity electrons return to strike the cathode. The cathode is indirectly heated and is constructed of a high- emission material. The open space between the plate and the cathode is called the INTERACTION SPACE. In this space the electric and magnetic fields interact to exert force upon the electrons. Figure 5.-Cutaway view of a magnetron The magnetic field is usually provided by a strong, permanent magnet mounted around the magnetron so that the magnetic field is parallel with the axis of the cathode. The cathode is mounted in the center of the interaction space. BASIC MAGNETRON OPERATION.-Magnetron theory of operation is based on the motion of electrons under the influence of combined electric and magnetic fields. The following information presents the laws governing this motion. The direction of an electric field is from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. The law governing the motion of an electron in an electric field (E field) states: The force exerted by an electric field on an electron is proportional to the strength of the field. Electrons tend to move from a point of negative potential toward a positive potential. This is shown in figure 6. In other words, electrons tend to move against the E field. When an electron is being accelerated by an E field, as shown in figure 6, energy is taken from the field by the electron. Figure 6.-Electron motion in an electric field The law of motion of an electron in a magnetic field (H field) states: The force exerted on an electron in a magnetic field is at right angles to both the field and the path of the electron. The direction of the force is such that the electron trajectories are clockwise when viewed in the direction of the magnetic field. This is shown in figure 7. Figure 7.-Electron motion in a magnetic field In figure 7, assume that a south pole is below the figure and a north pole is above the figure so that the magnetic field is going into the paper. When an electron is moving through space, a magnetic field builds around the electron just as it would around a wire when electrons are flowing through a wire. In figure 7 the magnetic field around the moving electron adds to the permanent magnetic field on the left side of the electrons path and subtracts from the permanent magnetic field on the right side. This action weakens the field on the right side; therefore, the electron path bends to the right (clockwise). If the strength of the magnetic field is increased, the path of the electron will have a sharper bend. Likewise, if the velocity of the electron increases, the field around it increases and the path will bend more sharply. A schematic diagram of a basic magnetron is shown in figure 8A. The tube consists of a cylindrical plate with a cathode placed along the center axis of the p late. The tuned circuit is made up of cavities in which oscillations take place and are physically located in the plate. When no magnetic field exists, heating the cathode results in a uniform and direct movement of the field from the cathode to the plate, as illustrated in figure 8B. However, as the magnetic field surrounding the tube is increased, a single electron is affected, as shown in figure 9. In figure 9, view (A), the magnetic field has been increased to a point where the electron proceeds to the plate in a curve rather than a direct path. Figure 8A.-Basic magnetron. SIDE VIEW Figure 9.-Effect of a magnetic field on a single electron In view (B) of figure 9, the magnetic field has reached a value great enough to cause the electron to just miss the plate and return to the filament in a circular orbit. This value is the CRITICAL VALUE of field strength. In view (C), the value of the field strength has been increased to a point beyond the critical value; the electron is made to travel to the cathode in a circular path of smaller diameter. View (D) of figure 9. shows how the magnetron plate current varies under the influence of the varying magnetic field. In view (A), the electron flow reaches the plate, so a large amount of plate current is flowing. However, when the critical field value is reached, as shown in view (B), the electrons are deflected away from the plate and the plate current then drops quickly to a very small value. When the field strength is made still greater, as shown in view (C), the plate current drops to zero. When the magnetron is adjusted to the cutoff, or critical value of the plate current, and the electrons just fail to reach the plate in their circular motion, it can produce oscillations at microwave frequencies. These oscillations are caused by the currents induced electrostatically by the moving electrons. The frequency is determined by the time it takes the electrons to travel from the cathode toward the plate and back again. A transfer of microwave energy to a load is made possible by connecting an external circuit between the cathode and the plate of the magnetron. Magnetron oscillators are divided into two classes: NEGATIVE-RESISTANCE and ELECTRON-RESONANCE MAGNETRON OSCILLATORS. A negative-resistance magnetron oscillator is operated by a static negative resistance between its electrodes. This oscillator has a frequency equal to the frequency of the tuned circuit connected to the tube. An electron-resonance magnetron oscillator is operated by the electron transit time required for electrons to travel from cathode to plate. This oscillator is capable of generati ng very large peak power outputs at frequencies in the thousands of megahertz. Although its average power output over a period of time is low, it can provide very high-powered oscillations in short bursts of pulses.

A Womans Place by Naomi Wolf :: Feminism

The True Woman "A Woman’s Place", the name of the commencement speech given by Naomi Wolf at the Scripps College graduation in 1992; contrasts the independent and the dependent woman. In today’s society, there are two different types of women: the woman who has a good head on her shoulders and knows where she is going in the world, and the woman who seeks dependence within the masculine world. Just as they were thirty years ago, women are still not considered to be equal to men. They are more or less looked at as being second to men. Naomi Wolf is a Jewish feminist writer who supports the independent woman. She was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University and graduated from Yale in 1984. Since then, Wolf has written two books that she is very well known for. She wrote her first book, titled The Beauty Myth, when she was twenty-nine years old. This book talks about women and how they feel beauty is one of the most important factors that will get you anything or anywhere. Her second book Fire With Fire was written in 1993. This book is about women taking control and not being victimized. Wolf is said to be a headstrong feminist that really believes in women’s power. In her commencement speech she mentions four factors of knowledge that she believes are mandatory for women to remedy. Her idea of a true or good woman is a strong woman who knows what she wants from life, is out to succeed, and will survive. An untrue or bad woman is a lady that is weak, that has a tendency to get run over, and has no real ambition for what she wants to do with her life. Wolf says that in order to become a headstrong, successful woman, one needs to redefine becoming a woman. Women have many different ways to clarify becoming women. According to Wolf, men have it a lot easier; however, most people in society would not agree with this. Boys have just as hard of a time becoming a man as a girl does becoming a woman. One might believe that Wolf is trying to say a women needs to redefine herself in order to have a place to start, so she can figure out what she wants to be and where she wants to go.

Essay on Internet Privacy - Invasion of Privacy on the Internet

Invasion of Privacy on the Internet       Invasion of privacy is a serious issue concerning the Internet, as e-mails can be read if not encrypted, and cookies can track a user and store personal information. Lack of privacy policies and employee monitoring threatens security also. Individuals should have the right to protect themselves as much as possible from privacy invasion and shouldn't have to give in to lowered standards of safety being pursued by the government.    Encryption is the best and most convenient way to ensure that e-mails and other files transferred via the Internet are kept private during transfer. The widespread use of strong encryption technology is essential to protect consumers and businesses against spies, fraud, and theft over the computer networks used in electronic commerce. The federal government has just announced a new policy that will maintain restrictions on the export of encryption stronger than 56 bits. Stronger encryption technology may be exported only to subsidiaries of U.S. companies in most countries, or to certain economic sectors in 42 countries (insurance, banking, or online merchants). Some law enforcement interests support legislation that would force U.S. citizens and residents to give the government access to the secret keys that read encryption. Government-mandated key recovery and controls over the strength of encryption are a grave danger to the privacy of law-abiding citizens and businesses, not only in the United States but all over the world. This compromises freedom and sacrifices basic privacy rights.    A new law, Senate bill 6027 (the E-Privacy Act), is trying to combat these sacrifices. This law would prohibit indirect controls or ties to encryption use... ...umers should demand that these stipulations be addressed and attended to. Invasion of privacy is happening more than many individuals realize, so staying aware and alert of exploitation is necessary. Privacy violation over the Internet is just as important as privacy in the home: it belongs to us and shouldn't be taken away by anyone. Sources Cited The E-Privacy Act--Analysis of the bill by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Key_escrow/1998/HTML/19980521_e-privacy_eff_analysis.html Privacy Invasion Links--Articles, organizations, and resources. http://www.larrysworld.com/privacy.html Personal Privacy--Steps to protect the consumer. http://www.larrysworld.com/articles/personalpriv.htm Internet Privacy Coalition--The latest news in Internet security through encryption. http://www.epic.org/crypto/

U.s. Foreign Policies :: essays research papers

Speaker: An Iraqi student in the U.S. Crowd: Senators and University professors Situation: Madeline Albright just gave a speech about U.S. foreign policy/ relations Imagine the fear of not knowing how your parents and little sister are doing back home. Imagine the shock of finding out your little sister is dying because there were no medicines available for her treatment. Imagine the sorrow you feel when you go back home and find your hometown in ruins and not anymore as beautiful, modern and safe as it once used to be. Well, I experienced all of that, and still wish that it's only a bad nightmare. Mrs. Albright who was speaking about U.S. foreign policy failed to mention Iraq in her speech. About 5 months ago I saw her on TV in an interview with CNN. The reporter who had just returned from Iraq was describing that a million children were dying (died) due to sanctions imposed on the people of Iraq. He told her: "†¦..that is more children that have died in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Do you think its worth it?" Mrs. Albright looked into the camera and replied: " Yes, it is worth it." Let me tell you more about Iraq, because it only gets worse from this point onwards. I believe there is a genocide happening in Iraq. It is a second holocaust. I have read of such bad things in history happening, like the Word Wars and people dropping atomic bombs without even thinking of the ramifications. 2.5 million people have died in Iraq so far, but still sanctions continue. For the last 10 years you wouldn't imagine the kinds of things that aren't being let into the country: heart machines, lung machines, needles, infrastructural parts to build the economy. Even for cancer patients sometimes only some of the medicine will be let in, but not all. It's very strategic what is let in and at what time, because what it does, is, it prolongs life, but doesn't save it. Iraq which before the sanctions had the best medical services in the Arab World, now has to use gasoline to clean they're hospital floors, because detergents aren't allowed into the county due to sanctions. This is how U.S. policy has brought Iraq into such a bad shape. The problem is that even though USA has imposed sanctions and recently even found out that Iraq has no nuclear capabilities they continue to bomb them. U.s. Foreign Policies :: essays research papers Speaker: An Iraqi student in the U.S. Crowd: Senators and University professors Situation: Madeline Albright just gave a speech about U.S. foreign policy/ relations Imagine the fear of not knowing how your parents and little sister are doing back home. Imagine the shock of finding out your little sister is dying because there were no medicines available for her treatment. Imagine the sorrow you feel when you go back home and find your hometown in ruins and not anymore as beautiful, modern and safe as it once used to be. Well, I experienced all of that, and still wish that it's only a bad nightmare. Mrs. Albright who was speaking about U.S. foreign policy failed to mention Iraq in her speech. About 5 months ago I saw her on TV in an interview with CNN. The reporter who had just returned from Iraq was describing that a million children were dying (died) due to sanctions imposed on the people of Iraq. He told her: "†¦..that is more children that have died in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Do you think its worth it?" Mrs. Albright looked into the camera and replied: " Yes, it is worth it." Let me tell you more about Iraq, because it only gets worse from this point onwards. I believe there is a genocide happening in Iraq. It is a second holocaust. I have read of such bad things in history happening, like the Word Wars and people dropping atomic bombs without even thinking of the ramifications. 2.5 million people have died in Iraq so far, but still sanctions continue. For the last 10 years you wouldn't imagine the kinds of things that aren't being let into the country: heart machines, lung machines, needles, infrastructural parts to build the economy. Even for cancer patients sometimes only some of the medicine will be let in, but not all. It's very strategic what is let in and at what time, because what it does, is, it prolongs life, but doesn't save it. Iraq which before the sanctions had the best medical services in the Arab World, now has to use gasoline to clean they're hospital floors, because detergents aren't allowed into the county due to sanctions. This is how U.S. policy has brought Iraq into such a bad shape. The problem is that even though USA has imposed sanctions and recently even found out that Iraq has no nuclear capabilities they continue to bomb them.

Importance of customer value Essay

Building and preserving customer value is essential in the new organizational structure taking place in the health-care industry. As businesses and consumers move forward, businesses are being measured more and more by the value they create for their customers. Customer value is the focus of the article â€Å"Customer Value & Business Success in the 21st Century.† Customer value is defined as how a business values customers and how customers value a business’s products or services. The article focuses on health-care organizations, and how there is an expectant trend that individuals will absorb a greater share of their own health care costs. In order for health care organizations to respond to this growing trend toward consumerism, customer value applications must be implemented in daily business activities. The author describes four critical processes and areas that should be of focus in order to build success. The first is to successfully identify what your customers need and expect. The second process is to build service delivery models to meet each target segment. The third area is to understand your customers enough to anticipate customer expectations in order to meet these expectations. The final process is to commit the organization to customer-centered strategic marketing and communications. In today’s unstable market, the only businesses experiencing success are those that are able to meet and exceed expectations of customers. It is essential in today’s fast-paced business to develop quality relationships with customers which results in customer loyalty. The traditional way of pushing the product or service down to the customer is being replaced by tailoring business decisions to meet customer expectations. The delivery of health care is changing to consumer centered health care where each customer is an individual with unique needs and expectations. Consumer centered health care requires altering or creating new products and services to meet needs and expectations. It is also necessary for a health care organization to understand the lifetime value of a customer. The customer is not seen as a one time transaction, but as an ongoing customer receiving continuous service over time. The author states that it should be  a goal to capture the share of the household’s total healthcare over a long period of time. The term customer satisfaction is being replaced by customer value. Achieving customer satisfaction is only the beginning, and building customer loyalty and value are necessary for sustainable growth in the business world today. Unlike traditional ways of conducting business, the new order is primarily focused on meeting individualistic needs of each customer. In order to achieve this goal, an organization must go through a series of steps. This involves understanding what customers value most, meeting and exceeding their expectations, developing services to meet these expectations, and refining services and products through feedback. Grouping by customer needs, market-based segmentation has been far more successful than the traditional method of grouping demographics. Organizations today could highly benefit from market-based segmentation. One significant reason is that reducing customer defection rates could dramatically increase profits. Studies also show that a longer a customer stays with an organization, the more profitable they become. A recent study reporting reasons why customers leave an organization showed that 68% of those surveyed left due to an indifferent employee. It is essential and very necessary to have satisfied employees in order to be an organization that creates value for its customers. Satisfied employees are loyal employees, and loyal employees usually deliver excellent service. Excellent service results in customer satisfaction and loyalty which results in customer value, and higher profits for the organization. Many organizations have only one service model and this result in mediocre service. After understanding customers’ needs and expectations, service models can be developed for each market segment. Grouping by needs and expectations will allow an organization to establish relationship with customers by specifically tailoring services to each segment. Development of these service models will increase customer loyalty that will also increase profits and revenue. Customer value puts the customer in the center of each process of expectation audits (understanding the customer), service models (niche customization), service innovation (understanding customer expectations), and strategic communication (communicating with customers).

Debate on British Monarchy

Good evening, everybody. Today I am going to bring in the debate on should the British Monarchy be demolished or not. I will talk on both sides and would like everyone to pay attention so that you all can be part of this discussion. The British monarchy can be discussed in Britain as well and if it did have a vote the result outcome would be equal and would have a stronger and more interesting debate. In UK the power of the queen is not much as a head of state or in the government but more in representing the country. In Pakistan and the US the president would be the same power as the Prime Minister in UK. There are many reasons we should get rid of the monarchy here are they: Many times it has been the case that the monarch is not British and from somewhere else. The questions which raises in everyone’s mind is that, I am British and still a worker, but she is from somewhere else and a monarch? Why does she deserve it? This has a very harsh effect on the people and the state, since she might be helping her country with the money from the British people. She brings more people into to UK to work and earn money from there. The queen is not important because she does not participate in the government or running the country the job is done by the Prime minister. The only thing she does is signs the final bill so that it becomes a law. Unfortunately she does not check it, or read it. The parliament decides amongst them by using a vote and debate system and decides on the bill. The queen is there used as a signer. There is a fact that it brings tourism and makes the country more popular, but that even wastes money. You have to give the money to the queen for sitting and sleeping and eating all day. For example when the people come they buy souvenirs but they even stay here and we serve them. We have to have more space and more habitats for them to live. That costs a lot! The queen does not even have the power to raise her voice in from of the government, since she does not participate in the issues and country development the citizens think she does not exist. She does not even come out in public and talk she just sleeps. For example a riot is happening out there but she is still having her tea on time and not deciding or thinking of a solution. She takes enough money as a person on high level would take in a year she takes it in a month, for example I get 300,000 rupees a year, but she takes it in a click. What does she do with that nothing keeps it because the country takes care of the cost she uses regarding the country! Now I have brought the discussion of the monarchy to be demolished to an end and will start to give my voice about keeping the monarch. You can take a short break and have snacks and then I will carry on. Why should we spoil a tradition of centuries of Britain that there would be kings and queens in Britain to rule it? There are so many monarchs who have done well for the country and some who have taken action on the parliament. Just like Queen Anne of Britain who refused to the bill because she read it and checked it not only signed it. The queen helps Britain a lot because they are the ones who created the British parliament. The British created 209 years before from today. Since the queen has not many jobs she still focuses only on Britain and its development. It gives some people to show off for their country. The queen and the palace bring a lot of tourism and more of the population to Britain to show off as well. For example if something cool happens like taking a signature of a popular movie star makes you look cool, but nevertheless the queen acts like a figure to help you show off. Not only that but she at least plays a role in the country and gets very popular just like that. Some people say it is good to keep because she keeps good relations with other countries and has contact and can take help from them. Such as when they are in war or in violent states there are other countries which support and help them. The queen can even make friends with Britain, but they were enemies before. The queen is a symbolic figure and has a status throughout the world. For example when she goes to other countries or in her own country is not hit by shoes or people say bad things or protest against her. Her hands which she wears gloves is so powerful that is makes the countries friends. And the hand keeps everyone united in the UK. Ladies and gentlemen’s I have brought myself to a conclusion that the queen should stay because she is a generation of the others who were there centuries ago. She represents the history of Britain.

Guns on Campus

Guns on College Campus Should guns be allowed on college campus? Kenton L. McGowen Abstract This paper will determine whether guns have a place on college, and school campuses. The conclusion that the paper reaches is that students who have guns will be tempted to use them, especially at universities and colleges that are full of drug use, stress, and anxiety. The mixture of guns into a formula like that is simply not conducive to a safe environment.This paper will take evidence from experts, as well as state rulings to show the two sides of gun control in regards to school campuses in order to answer the question: Should guns be allowed on college campuses? The constitution of the United States guarantees our right to bear arms in order to defend ourselves, but where does the line fall where it is ok and not okay to carry weapons? The debate has shifted from restaurants, to stores, and now to schools.It is recently that the question has come up, should college campus students be all owed to have guns? The question is a safety issue and mostly centers around a need for the preservation of life on these campuses, and whether or not the guns are absolutely necessary to have. It has been spurred on by the recent slew of school shootings that have hit areas of the country, most notably Virginia Tech in 2006. There are valid argumentative points to both sides, however.As previously mentioned, the constitution of the United States guarantees the right to bear arms and also that no laws should be made abridging that freedom, so while some cry for safety and moderation, others simply say that it is unlawful to prevent guns from being anywhere at any time. Of course, it is unlawful as well to murder with those guns, and the penalties tied to that are seen as a deterrent in themselves to gun violence. The crimes committed with guns are already a violation of gun laws in themselves, so it is beneficial, in some thought to carry guns on campus to protect and deter against s uch crime.This is especially true when you consider the amount of school shootings that occur on campus’s in modern times. That is where the question stems from in the first place. It is, however, conducive to gun violence to have guns around. Many of liberally biased media and their followers argue that guns have no place on college campuses. They dispute that these campuses are meant to be institutions of higher learning and not places to harbor fears of being shot by someone.Someone who is going to commit a crime with a gun has no respect for gun laws to begin with (which say that you cannot commit a crime with a gun and therefore we cannot expect them to abide by societal norms and not commit crimes with guns). This is especially true on college campuses because campuses are meant to be learning institutes and thus guns do not have a place in them or are a necessity at them. Also, it is my opinion that fighting crime should not be dealt with by the average citizen and tha t that is why we have police that we pay taxes for.The citizens should not have to engage in a shootout, when there are trained policemen to deal with that issue and that should be utilized in such situations. Society does not need to take it upon them to deal with a deranged minority, and should have their tax dollars utilized to do so, as it should be. Also, when you consider the low amount of shootings that do occur at schools nationally, it almost comes off as illogical to allow gun carry to happen on campuses when the need for them is miniscule.An entire policy shift is not needed to deal with a deranged minority, but in order is a possible restructuring of policy to make campuses less vulnerable to the possibility of an attack occurring. Alternatives exist to controlling gun violence that does not include allowing a completely armed society or student body to deal with it. A completely new policy is not what is needed to stop gun violence from occurring on campus’s, but a strengthening of the old policies is definitely needed in order to prevent future attacks on student bodies, as we’ve seen in recent years.Gun Massacres do have an end to them but the steps to end them must be taken before we can say that we will have come close to eradicating the problems that cause gun violence to occur in the first place. Perhaps new policy could include keeping police stationed at strategic points on campus to better respond to threats right when they are called in, or arming security guards better, or perhaps doing random gun sweeps to make sure that no guns are on campus. These things would be more effective than arming, or allowing, an entire student body that could use he guns for anything. However, those opposed may see this as an infringement against gun rights, as Colorado found it recently to be in violation of state law. There is no evidence that says a well armed society is a polite society sans a quote popular amongst right wingers, and in t his case it makes no sense to arm a society that would possibly not react in the way that is foreseen, especially if the consequences could be a lot worse than is intended. On the contrary, schools are generally safe areas, as evidenced by the isolated incidents of school shootings. Rubino, 2012) When the sheer number of schools in the United States is brought into account, and how few gun violence incidents there are, it makes sense not to arm a student body against a threat that likely will never occur within 50 miles of them, an overwhelming likeliness. A gun free campus is preferred to one with an abundance of guns and an atmosphere of paranoia that would follow suit in the case of it. The absence of guns on a school campus, or university campus would generally render a safer atmosphere, as well as one bereft of paranoia and anxiety from those who so choose not to carry guns with them.Additionally, forcing guns into places where drinking and drug use is common may increase victi ms to gun violence, as alcohol impairs judgment and may not be the safest thing to have weapons around. (Brady Campaign, 2012) The policy that protects students should be changed, but as far as allowing guns to be everywhere, it may be too much to ask that an army of students be at the disposal of a school that likely will never in its existence see an incident in which guns are used against the student boy from a deranged lunatic bent on absolute chaos on the campus.Proponents of gun laws for schools that would allow open carry to be an acceptable practice on school campuses cite that schools violate state laws, in some cases, when they do not allow students or faculty to concealed carry while on campus’s. This was the reason for the decision from the state of Colorado recently to allow guns to be carried by students and faculty on campuses, as long as they have a concealed weapons license.The law previously did not extend to the University of Colorado, and the court recentl y ruled that it is unlawful that it does not. (Coffman, 2012) That raises the question of whether guns should be allowed on campuses in every state with laws allowing for concealed carry practices. Is it unlawful to deny those the right with a concealed weapon license to be able to carry guns on campus’s, regardless of their intention? It seems that the law could have some holes in it, notably it would if the licenses to concealed carry were not checked.If concealed carry became a norm, how would anyone be able to tell the difference between those with a concealed weapon license and those without who brought the guns to commit less than noble acts upon a student body or a faculty member? The line easily could be blurred between who is there with honest intentions and who is there without. It could be, due to open concealed carry on campus’s, that one would be ‘undercover’ through a norm of concealment, in which they too brought a concealed weapon and it wa s not thought anything of due to others around having concealed weapons.In this scenario, no one would question the legality of the weapon and it would then become a matter of guessing who was there with a license and who was not. This kind of guessing game is dangerous, and if weapons were forbidden on campus’s, or only allowed to faculty members, it would then be easier for law enforcement, the student body, and faculty to determine who was there with the wrong intentions. All they would need to do would be to look for the gun. School shootings have been in the news in recent times, especially the massacre at Virginia Polytechnic Institute (Virginia Tech) which claimed over 30 lives.The question was raised â€Å"should students be allowed to have guns in order to prevent attacks like this from happening? † some said that if someone would have been armed that the attacker would have been subdued and many lives would have been saved. The argument is made, essentially, that a well armed society would be able to engage in a shootout on an attacker that was committing gun violence and that it may deter the attack from happening in the first place.Recently, 13 states are considering legislation that is aimed at creating concealed carry laws on college campuses. (Smalley, 2008) As of current, Arizona is trying to pass a bill to allow concealed carry on campuses, and Utah is the only one that does allow. (Edwards, 2011) This may not be entirely true, however, as someone committed to gun violence is going to commit the act anyway, and lives will still be lost. As a college student, the thought of someone going crazy with a gun is scary to me and is something that I worry about from time to time.It is naive to think that there are no guns on college campus’s right now, and their legalization may just give law enforcement one less thing to worry about so they can focus on who is a threat with weapons and who is not. Additionally, school shootings h ave been stopped before due to teachers carrying guns, and it may be useful to allow them to continue to do so. (Hanford, 2008) However, as was pointed out earlier, it does not necessarily mean that everyone should have a gun.A college or university is meant to be a place of learning and it is no place for guns to be had at by the students, unless their intention is to cause problems with them. What is the point of having guns there, anyway? To me, it makes no sense to have one on a college campus and any reason that one would have one besides being law enforcement is completely invalid. As was stated earlier, if guns were banned on campuses across the country, it would be easy to determine who was there with the intention to act as an assailant against a student body, and who was not.A good balance between these though may be allowing staff members to have one in the classroom just in case a Virginia tech incident were to occur again, but arming the student population is not necess ary at this time nor will it accomplish anything that would see fruitful results for a country with a relatively low amount of school shootings when compared with the amount of schools there are in the country. It will lead to more gun violence and make the campus’s a much less safe place than it was before the days of students being allowed to have guns on them freely.In conclusion, guns have no place in the school environment and there are plenty of opportunities to defend students before another disaster strikes the campus’s like happened at Virginia tech or other schools in the past. The alternatives that exist are possibly arming the staff which would make campuses safer by acting as a deterrent to any armed attacks that might occur, but a learning facility is just that, for learning, and it should not incorporate the allowed carry or use of guns on them.A school should remain a school, and it should not be a place that others fear getting shot at or being attacke d, and if guns are allowed then the likelihood just goes up for that kind of senseless attack to occur on a campus, so it is in the best interest of everyone if guns are not allowed on campus’s. Though it is an abridgement of the second amendment, sometimes things must be abridged in order to achieve safety for all. Personally, I feel rights should sometimes be subverted in the interest of public safety.The benefits of allowing guns on university campus’s are only that of stopping a potential attack, but those come up only once in a blue moon and entire policy should not be changed to accommodate it. The debate will always rage, as long as the constitution says that gun rights extend to everyone. There will never be a final solution to this problem, but the track record of safety for schools so far must be taken into account and for the most part they are safe. Whole new policy is not needed, but an understanding that sometimes shooters fall through the cracks.It is an understanding of humanity and its side effects of existing that will plague us for as long as the species of humans is around. Humans are by no means perfect, and neither will their shooting track records, but human life is invaluable and a restructuring of policy to better protect it is something that could be in order very soon. Works Cited Coffman, Keith. â€Å"Colorado court says students can carry guns on campus. † Reuters. Reuters News Agency, 5 Mar. 2012. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. . Edwards, D. (2008, January 17). After Tucson shootings, Ariz.Republicans push for guns on school campuses | The Raw Story. The Raw Story | America's #1 completely independent news and politics source. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http://www. rawstory. com/rs/2011/01/17/shootings-ariz-republicans-guns-school-campuses/ Hanford, D. J. (n. d. ). Does Concealed Carry Make Sense In Schools And On Campus? – Facilities Management Educational Facilities Feature. Facilities Management Cost-Savin g Ideas, Jobs, Experts, Technologies, Products, Articles, News, Education and more for Industry Professionals.Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http://www. facilitiesnet. com/educationalfacilities/article/Does-Concealed-Carry-Make-Sense-In-Schools-And-On-Campus–10070 Rubino, T. (2012, February 19). Should guns be allowed on school campuses? – CBS 5 – KPHO . CBS 5 – KPHO – CBS 5 AZ KPHO | Phoenix, Arizona, breaking news, weather,channel. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http://www. kpho. com/story/16955378/should-guns-be-allowed-on-school-campuses Smalley, S. (2008, February 14). More Guns on Campus? The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http://www. thedailybeast. com/newsweek/2008/02/14/more-guns-on-campus. html Woods, J. (2011, March 27). Allowing guns on campus won't make schools safer – Houston Chronicle. Houston News, Sports, Business, and Entertainment – The Houston Chronicle at Chron. com – Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 29, 2012, from http://www. chron. com/opinion/outlook/article/Allowing-guns-on-campus-won-t-make-schools-safer-1690745. php Guns on Campus It is obvious all across America that I can handgun is by far one of the most deadly weapons out there. It is also obvious that a high percent of college students have a drug and or alcohol problem and every student is exposed to both. What happens when you combine both of them? Violence is what happens. We have organizations of uneducated students and adults, such as the SCCC (Students for concealed carry on Campus), that are ignorant because they believe a handgun will make them more safe. However, they are very mistaken.The fact of the matter is a gun can’t save somebody from another gun. People argue that in situations such as 2007 Virginia Tech a student could have taken the shooters out. However, that is not the case. The shooters were taken the first step. They already had their weapons drawn and would have took out anyone out in their way. In most cases if a student is armed they will take them out first. This isn’t even accounting for students and or faculty th at could get hit in the crossfire. We can’t turn a school into a battlefield.College students are associated with drugs and alcohol. That is a fact. All of a sudden you allow guns on campus and you have students taking them to parties and wielding them while under the influence. Even good Samaritans get impaired while using any substance. Not only does this put students and faculty in danger but it puts police and security units in danger as well. Above all, society is in danger. There are children and families that live within the community that don’t need drunk and high students running around with weapons.Intimidation: Is another reason why handguns shouldn’t be allowed in the school area. Imagine being in a teacher shoes and having a student who you heard or seen carry a firearm to your classroom. What if you have a fear of handguns? Would you be compelled to give him a better grade out of fear? Would you be scared to confront him? We need to take account fo r all the people who get involved for one person bring a gun to school and the people involved is everyone. Imagine being another student and having to sit next to a student who is known to be carrying or you have even seen carrying.Possibly you have the same fear as the teacher scenario. This kind of situation needs government intervention for the physical and mental protection of others. Another key fact is that the college scenario is big for racial violence and gang violence environment. Also, that is immaturity related. Our country already has enough racial and gang related violence that we don’t need to influence in the college environment. In the big picture allowing concealed weapons on campus will increase violence