Pros and Cons of Synchronous Collaboration Essay

Pros and Cons of Synchronous Collaboration - Essay Example It is manifested through online chat, virtual meetings, pep talks, or even in a team huddle. Because of the advancement of science and technology, synchronous collaboration has also improved the way it is being performed. As stated above, online chat and virtual meetings are just some of the newest forms of synchronous collaboration. Albeit, information technology has helped elevate our communicative lifestyle, there are still pros and cons or advantages and disadvantages of synchronous collaboration, especially, with the inclusion of information technology. Some of the key advantages are it hastens the communication process especially on situations when an immediate response is direly needed. Another key advantage is that it would promote a more spontaneous interaction between individuals. On the other hand, its key advantages are, first, it is not ubiquitous or is not present everywhere. The access on online chat and virtual meetings are available only to those who are located on highly developed societies and not all of us use it. Another key disadvantage is that it is not pliable. Seen this way, it is sometimes best to not communicate synchronously because it precludes us from thinking over a certain thing before we give out our

Alumni Essay Example for Free

Alumni Essay GENERAL BACKGROUND Information system (IS) is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filters, and process, create, and distribute data. The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline. Computer information system (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society while IS emphasizes functionality over design. Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision making. In a broad sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes. Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes. Alter argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans and/or machines perform work (processes and activities) using resources to produce specific products and/or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to processing (capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying) information. As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action. NEED OFINFORMATION SYSTEM Information systems help provide structure and access to information. Since libraries build, manage, and maintain information systems, librarians and LIS students are often propelled onto the front lines of interactions between library users and technology. But what do librarians need to know to best meet their patrons needs? Information expert Ratzan uses plain language, humor, and everyday examples like baseball and arithmetic to make sense of information systems . He also explores their characteristics, uses, abuses, advantages, and shortcomings for your library. Fun exercises and appendices are provided to illustrate key points in the book and measure understanding. You can be a technophobe and still learn about systems and subsystems to represent, organize, retrieve, network, secure, conceal, measure, and manage information. This expert sourcebook addresses both theoretical and practical issues, and is complete with exercises, examples, terms, and charts that help clarify concepts to make your information system a success. ADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Information systems have significantly transformed the way business is conducted. In todays society it would be pretty difficult to find an organization that does not use some form of technology, automation or information system to help run its operational and daily transactional processes. Computer technology has become so highly integrated in the business environment it is often hard to remember a time when organizations operated without it. The benefits technology offers are very valuable and this is the primary reason why many businesses opt to invest in information systems. Increased Productivity When automation takes over some of the burden of the more mundane and routine tasks, the rapid speed increases productivity. In addition employees are free to work on other important tasks that require human thinking. The time computer information systems frees up also gives both management and their staffs the ability to have time to brainstorm and come up with new and innovative ideas since the burden of some of the everyday tasks are lifted. Less Redundancy and Better Data Integrity Computer information systems can be programmed to have amazing ability to eliminate duplicates, point out inconsistencies and merge data together to make it more manageable. This heightens the ability for higher degrees of accuracy and efficiency. Data integrity means the data is more reliable due to the capabilities of automation. Inputting data into information systems where it can be sorted, filed and processed is highly efficient. Long gone are the days of filing cabinets, missing papers, misfiled documents and other important details. If information is needed, all it takes is a few clicks of the mouse or a few works typed in and all the information immediately pops right up. Instead of having separated computer systems for different parts of a business, modern information systems allow systems to be streamlined. No longer do different staff members have to input and file the same information for their own purposes and needs. Instead data goes into one central place and IT personnel set up user privileges which are typically on a need to know basis and employees can access which areas of the information system they need to perform their jobs. Initially investing in computer information systems is a large investment, but when strategically planned through proper system analysis, the investment in information systems can pay off handsomely over the long term. The key is to think of the organizations mission, objectives and overall business plan and ensure the implemented information system meets these goals. With proper planning a company can simultaneously maximize profit while decreasing overhead costs. The possibilities of using information systems in business are endless. While  there are some challenges to overcome when making the transition to new kinds of automation, with strategic thinking, good technical planning and an overall willingness to embrace change through technology, there are many terrific advantages of integrating information systems in any organization. ALUMNI INFORMATION SYSTEM Alumni information system is an example of web application which is under the information systems. It helps an academic institution in tracking its alumni. Also, it helps the alumni to communicate with the institution through the use of the internet. It also helps the alumni to get updated with the latest news and upcoming events of the institution. This application can easily be accessed through the use of the internet which will be very useful to the alumni because they can keep in touch with the institution even if they do not visit the school. This application can be very useful especially to those alumni who are now living abroad because they can still get connected with their fellowmen and the institution. Nowadays, computer has infiltrated all the aspects of our society. The computer is most likely one of the great technological mechanism for future change. It can now simply make our works easier and lighter. With this great thing it won’t be more useful without the computer’s software. Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions, often broken into two major categories: system software that provides the basic non-task-specific functions of the computer, and application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT WORK A website requires attractive design and proper arrangement of links and images, which enables a browser to easily interpret and access the properties of the site. Hence it provides the browser with adequate information and functionality about the organization, community, network etc. This sites use to view information of alumni, job vacancy details. The current happening information showing in the page. The alumni are old students are registering their information in the  department. Here the department organizing the any activities is inserting in the site. This web site is totally full of information and details of person joined with that institute. This project is to modify, add store data of each and every individual. ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION Introduction A to Z Computech is one of the foremost technical and well experienced Computer Institute. It offers Diploma Courses, Higher Diploma Courses, Post Graduate Diploma Courses, Certified Courses, Individual Courses, Project Works, Implant Training, Soft Skill Training, Web Designing, and Software Development in various streams and Aims to provide Quality Computer Education. The Institute was established in June 1996 in Chennimalai, headed by J. Senthil Kumar, The Managing Director, and a visionary with 18 years of experience in the Field of IT. The Institute was certified by International Standard Organization (ISO 9001:2008). A to Z Computech aim to provide superior Computer Education in convivial and artistic environment with disciplined, Dedicated and Corporate regulations. Vision Vision is to bring up the computer skills, Innovative ideas and talents of each and every individual student from rural area and make them to participate in team for the Development of our nation. By providing Quality, time bound and cost-efficient Computer Education. Mission [The ultimate goal of A to Z Computech is to have its own identity in the Computer Training industry as a most trusted trainer in all aspects and a one stop solution for high quality, time bound and cost effective Institute. A to Z Computech is committed to maintain 100% student’s satisfaction by certain values Deep Integrity Ensuring Code of Conduct. Precious Timekeeping Highest level of Training Potential Leadership with an Energetic Team Sufficient Infrastructure for anytime Expansion Continuous Growth 100% Success Leadership and Team A to Z Computech are an Institute with diverse talents skills. Our Institute offers a Job Oriented Courses, College Project Works (All UG PG Courses), In Plant Training in which talented, creative motivated students can be employed by us. A to Z Computech dont just acknowledge hard work achievements; A to Z Computech reward it groom it. A to Z Computech have an experienced team of ambitious, vibrant, young professionals having ability to update with latest trends requirements of students. A to Z Computech teams passion is to take challenges and to deliver to Students expectations. ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT REPORT This project report is subdivided into six main chapters and some appendix. Chapter I â€Å"INTRODUCTION† includes the introduction about information system, need of information system, advantages of information system, alumni information system, about the organization and organization of the project report. Chapter II â€Å"SYSTEM ANALYSIS† includes description of the Existing System and proposed system. It’s employed to provide a systematic proposed method and principles to achieve the objectives of the report. Chapter III â€Å"SYSTEM SPECIFICATION† includes hardware and software requirements, front end and backend details. Chapter IV â€Å"SYSTEM DESIGN† includes system and data flow diagram, module description, database, input and output design. Chapter V â€Å"TESTING IMPLEMENTATION† includes testing plan and schedule, implementation details. Chapter VI â€Å"CONCLUSION FUTURE WORK† includes the conclusion and general evaluation of the project and suggestion of the future work.

Hamlet :: essays research papers

supposedly King Hamlet’s spirit, as a tool to master this. However, Shakespeare portrays this inner struggle of reason against faith as Hamlet’s insanity. Does Hamlet become insane in the play, or is Shakespeare trying too hard to once again make the audience uncertain? There is a lot of evidence that Hamlet does indeed go insane, however it seems that the audience sees Hamlet’s insanity as their uncertainty throughout the play, which has been originally brought on by the Ghost. Indeed, Hamlet is not insane, rather the audience thinks him insane because of their uncertainty and uneasiness regarding Hamlet’s actions. Many factors contribute to the uncertainty of Hamlet’s sanity. The source of some of these factors is the Ghost Hamlet encounters in the beginning of the play. Hamlet is Shakespeare’s most realistic, most modern, tragedy. It is in Hamlet that Shakespeare seems to give his audience the closest interpretation of the spirit and life of his time. Shakespeare indeed does an excellent job of making the spiritualism and superstition accurate throughout the play. The Ghost in Hamlet raises problems of Elizabethan spiritualism. To understand fully the scenes in which the Ghost appears one must understand the superstitions regarding ghosts in Shakespeare’s day and also current philosophical and theological opinions concerning them. Generally there were three schools of thought in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries on the question of ghosts. Before the Reformation, the belief in their existence had offered little intellectual difficulty to the ordinary man, since the C atholic doctrine or Purgatory afforded a complete explanation of it in theological terms. In fact, doctrine and popular belief, in this case, found mutual support. Thus most Catholics of Shakespeare’s day believed that ghosts might be spirits of the departed, allowed to return from Purgatory for some special purpose, which was the duty of the pious to further if possible, in order for the wandering soul to find rest. However, for Protestants this was not so easy. The majority of them accepted the reality of apparitions without question, not knowing how they were to be explained. It was not possible that ghosts were the spirits of the departed, for Purgatory being a forgotten tradition, the dead went direct either to bliss in heaven or to prison in hell. Widely discussed and debated, the orthodox Protestant conclusion was that ghosts, while occasionally they might be angels, were generally nothing but devils who â€Å"assumed† the form of departed friends or relatives i n order to work evil upon those to whom they appeared (Wilson).

Difference Between Critical Analysis and Analytical Thinking

When you really want to reflect and put your points across, it’s said that you have to speak through your mind but from your heart with what you have lived and experienced. In this piece, I am going to use real life issues and experiences to help put forth my genuine reflections on the different ways of thinking analytical, critical and strategic. To start with, I would like to discuss the latest and prominent issue in Mumbai, whether it should be called Mumbai or Bombay. There was this debate going around in the class and one of my peers analyzed that it should be called Bombay because 80% people in Mumbai want to call it by that name. Then he also corroborated this by linking it with one of the newspaper and saying that it has stated that 65% of the public want to call this city Bombay and not Mumbai. He also conducted his survey and collected data of people from various parts of the city, the South Mumbai, the Central Mumbai and the North Mumbai. He later analyzed the question on the data collected and concluded that indeed people of this city want to call it by its colonial name Bombay. He was indeed very right because he had broken down this problem and had made all effort to reach every corner of the city for the survey. His survey number too indicated the same and with the help of analytical thinking, he convinced that people want to call this city Bombay. Thus the beauty of analytical thinking is that with the data and figure well in placed you can possibly prove anything without anyone even questioning it. However I was born in Mumbai knew this city in and out and decided to find the answer to the same problem but critically. More than numbers and figures, I relied more on my knowledge and experiences of this beautiful city. Therefore, I too conducted a similar but asked one more question, Why do they want to call Mumbai as Bombay? And the answer was surprising. They wanted to call it Mumbai but as the name of Mumbai was Bombay in the business circle, they wanted it to named Bombay. Moreover, the survey conducted by my friend was done in commercial areas of the South, central and North Mumbai. Where majority of the people come from other cities and have no knowledge and understanding of the local feelings. So the analytical thinking over here clearly missed out the local feeling of the people as well as the understanding of the complex community. I have mentioned the above experience because I want to bring forth the major difference between analytical and critical thinking. While analytical thinking did prove and gave an answer to the above question and even looked more credible because of the numbers, it failed to include local feeling and knowledge of the local area. This is one of the major differences between analytical and critical thinking. While analytical thinking segregates the problem into many areas and tries to back it up with figures, critical thinking uses the knowledge and experience and put them into logical thinking to formulate an answer. As far as strategic thinking is concern, I am still trying to define the meaning and the closer I am defining it the farther it goes. It’s like debating whether GOD exist or not. GOD is there we believe, but on experiences and intuitions. We cannot see Him but still feel He’s there. Similarly, strategic thinking eludes its definite existence but is always there. You can call it a plan of actions designed to achieve a particular goal. This plan of action is implemented by considering and weighing several facets and views. Your knowledge and most importantly your understanding and application is of uttermost importance for strategic thinking. After these prerequisites comes the analysis and synthesis of these prerequisites keeping the importance of all possible view and possibilities open. Hence, strategic thinking never has a definite answer or solution. Its all about selecting the best possibility. So even If I do manage to come out with a winning strategy other might ridicule it simply because they might look at it from different angle. So more you are ridiculed or castigated the better will be your strategic thinking. Today leadership is like a soul trapped between his internal consciousness and external realities. The soul can choose infinite possibilities but yet have to select a very few. Moreover, whatever he does should be such that it takes the side that benefits the all. In today world, a leadership would be difficult to sustain without keeping all the three things like financial, social and environmental aspects. And to keep this leadership has to inculcate power with ethics for any sort of sustainability. Leadership can be short-lived if one doesn’t compromise on some of the ethics at the same time would be dangerous if he follows none. So it has t o have it only to the point of sustainability. When an enlightened one writes a poem thousands read it. However, each one of them perceives it in a way they want to and this depends on their own life experiences and knowledge. Similarly, I use to perceive the World in a way I have seen it with my eyes and observed. But to really understand you need to perceive it through the eyes of many others and that is one thing that I have learned from this edifying experience of the last two weeks. Today when I am leading, I am open to infinite possibilities and views. I am trying to use the five why technique in my mind to reach out to the possible root cause.. Then the model that I am trying to work is to use critical thinking first and then use analytical thinking to corroborate the findings of the critical thinking. This I feel would help counter the limitations of the analytical thinking and at the same time will help foster the critical thinking results.

Rational decisions Essay

This is a very difficult choice, but the world and humanity as we know it depends upon it. In my last hours, I have to make rational decisions, though some may not agree with whom I have chosen to carry on humanity. The first person I choose is Cindy Smith. She is 16 years old and since she will be in the tube for seven years, she will be an adult when she gets out. She may be diabetic, but it is not hereditary and if she eats properly, it should not impact her ability to survive. Next, I choose Adelle Purity. She is a one month old, but she will be seven when she gets off. She will not take up much food for the first couple of years and should be able to mate with any children that may be produced in the future. This will also give more variety to the gene pool. Wanda Good is my next choice. She is a female psychiatrist, which means she is also medically trained. She may be blind, but she is doctor. She also can conceive and blindness is not hereditary. Next, I choose Dr. Amoc. He and Dr. Good are around the same age and may be able to reproduce. Besides, he is catatonic and may not take up much food. Dr. Good may be able to coax him out of this state. Perhaps the sound of baby Adelle’s coos may remind him of one of his children and bring him back to reality. He is medically trained as well and will be helpful for the survival of the human race. I personally believe he is in shock and it will wear off in several months. Joe Nemesis is my next choice. He is 19 and a good mate for Cindy. He has no apparent issues and being young and healthy, he can probably father a child. Last but not least, I choose Jake Spade. Yes, he has been convicted of kidnapping, rape and assault, but he is a professional hunter. In seven years, if no other humanity is out there, someone will have to know the basics of surviving. He will be an asset to these people and a potential mate for Dr. Good. Since she is a trained psychiatrist, perhaps she may get to the root of his problems and figure out the reasons for his criminal behavior. The others do not seem like viable candidates to me. For instance, Tommy Manly killed his wife. He was an outdoor salesman. We do know that he can reproduce, but he is unstable. Ricky Slive is a definite no. Teaching others to believe in Satan and all that he stands for will only wreak more havoc and mayhem. We are trying to rebuild humanity, not annihilate it. The same goes for Phi Data. He is pretty much under a similar philosophy to Ricky and has no known survival skills. Dusky Ruth is barren so she cannot help replenish the earth. Sister Mary Catherine is a nun, so she will not have children. Besides, she is not at a good age to reproduce anyway. Disco beano is 56, which makes him too old. Besides, there will not be any music for him to listen to. Who knows how he will respond to that! Armando Pepper is 43. He is a master chef, but I am sure these people can prepare a meal. It does not matter that he is gay. He may still be willing to reproduce, but he is too old. Since Sasha Winky’s gender is in question, it makes it difficult to know if he/she is capable of reproduction. A transsexual cannot reproduce and it would be a wasted chance to take on this person. Zeke Allen is too old. He is 64, so he is not a good candidate. I am not sure if his religion allows him to marry and since I have but a few hours of survival myself, I do not have the time to research this. Marilyn Manson would be great entertainment for Disco Beano, but since I do not know his age, there will BEANO space for him. He has no skills that persuade me to choose him over anyone else. Rock Stone is too stoned to be a viable candidate. Even if it were not for the HIV, he is a drug addict and who knows how he will respond. Besides, this may be a way to eradicate the illness, if he is the last surviving person with it. Neila Borg appears to be suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and would have to be medicated to function properly. She is too unstable to consider and a hazard because at any given time, she can think that someone is out to get and attack her. Nick Chance has Down’s syndrome. He may not be able to consent to sexual contact and that is necessary to continue humanity. Given that we do not know much about the history of Adelle and Joe, they are wild cards. We have no idea on what they may contribute or take away from humanity, but that is not known no matter who we choose. The people that I chose were more so, on a level of skill. Survival goes to the fittest. Who is fit to survive? Most certainly not a rock star, who is used to being waited on hand and foot. I also must factor in the possibility of reproduction taking place before the seven years is up, which is why I choose the catatonic doctor. At the present, he takes up less food and so does the baby, which leaves more food just in case it is needed. I highly doubt that Mr. Spade would want to be isolated from the only know civilization and since he seems to be of sound mind, I can only hope that he will be able to control himself for the furthering of mankind. I am getting very weak now from the radiation. I do have to take age into account because agility will be necessary to build things, such as homes or shelters. I have thought about not having any religious leaders available. However, most people have a faith and perhaps they may be able to carry on what they know to their children. I hope that these people will find other people as well. I pray that Dr. Amoc becomes functional again. Perhaps in these seven years, Dr. Good can teach Joe about Medicine and perhaps he can become a doctor. He may also learn to hunt from Mr. Spade. He and Dr. Good may also have a child. Well, only God knows how everything will turn out with the choices I have made. I pray that you find them acceptable.

Free Essays on Japan Schooling

Japan's school system, once the envy of the west and model of the east, is falling apart. International headlines focus on Japan's tumbling shares, rising unemployment and currency deflation. However, it is the country's education crisis that threatens to keep Japan's economic woes on the world's front pages for years to come. On any high street, any day of the week, children in school uniform can be seen chatting in Starbucks or giggling outside clothes shops. They are not on some freestyle field trip, but are contributing to statistics that, in 1999/2000, recorded about 128,000 pupils skipping school for more than 30 days. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate has risen to 4.9 per cent of the population, with 10 per cent of young men out of work. Fingers of blame point in all directions: at parents, at mondai kyoshi (problem teachers), at undermotivated students and uncommitted young workers. The line-up of suspects was completed on 2 February, when the education minister, Nobutaka Machimura, accused the favourite whipping-boy of Japan's conservatives, America. The US-devised postwar education system, he alleged, encouraged Japanese students to cut classes through its "misplaced respect for individuality and misplaced freedom". In his influential Parasite Single no Jidai (The Era of Parasite Singles), widely covered by the media last year, Masahiro Yamada laid the blame firmly on feckless young thingsten million of them, according to one censuscontent to live at home, sponging off mummy and daddy. By indulging in "luxury unemployment" and job switching, he claimed, they "cast a long shadow over the Japanese labour market". A study since published by the Japanese Institute of Labour, however, contends that the shadow falls in the opposite direction. Professor Yuji Genda argues that the emergence of the "parasite single" phenomenon is "not a cause but rather a consequence of the rise in the unemploym... Free Essays on Japan Schooling Free Essays on Japan Schooling Japan's school system, once the envy of the west and model of the east, is falling apart. International headlines focus on Japan's tumbling shares, rising unemployment and currency deflation. However, it is the country's education crisis that threatens to keep Japan's economic woes on the world's front pages for years to come. On any high street, any day of the week, children in school uniform can be seen chatting in Starbucks or giggling outside clothes shops. They are not on some freestyle field trip, but are contributing to statistics that, in 1999/2000, recorded about 128,000 pupils skipping school for more than 30 days. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate has risen to 4.9 per cent of the population, with 10 per cent of young men out of work. Fingers of blame point in all directions: at parents, at mondai kyoshi (problem teachers), at undermotivated students and uncommitted young workers. The line-up of suspects was completed on 2 February, when the education minister, Nobutaka Machimura, accused the favourite whipping-boy of Japan's conservatives, America. The US-devised postwar education system, he alleged, encouraged Japanese students to cut classes through its "misplaced respect for individuality and misplaced freedom". In his influential Parasite Single no Jidai (The Era of Parasite Singles), widely covered by the media last year, Masahiro Yamada laid the blame firmly on feckless young thingsten million of them, according to one censuscontent to live at home, sponging off mummy and daddy. By indulging in "luxury unemployment" and job switching, he claimed, they "cast a long shadow over the Japanese labour market". A study since published by the Japanese Institute of Labour, however, contends that the shadow falls in the opposite direction. Professor Yuji Genda argues that the emergence of the "parasite single" phenomenon is "not a cause but rather a consequence of the rise in the unemploym...

Tell Brak - Mesopotamian Capital in Syria

Tell Brak - Mesopotamian Capital in Syria Tell Brak is located in northeastern Syria, on one of the ancient major Mesopotamian routes from the Tigris river valley north to Anatolia, the Euphrates, and the Mediterranean Sea. The tell is one of the largest sites in northern Mesopotamia, covering an area of about 40 hectares and rising to a height of over 40 meters. In its heyday during the Late Chalcolithic period (4th millennium BC), the site covered an area of some 110-160 hectares (270-400 acres), with a population estimate of between 17,000 and 24,000. Structures excavated by Max Mallowan in the 1930s include the Naram-Sin palace (built about 2250 BC), and the Eye Temple, called that because of the presence of eye idols. The most recent excavations, led by Joan Oates at the McDonald Institute at Cambridge University, have re-dated the Eye Temple to ca 3900 BC and identified even older components at the site. Tell Brak is now known to be one of the earliest urban sites in Mesopotamia, and thus the world. Mud Brick Walls at Tell Brak The earliest identified non-residential structure at Tell Brak is what must have been an enormous building, even though only a small portion of the room has been excavated. This building has a massive entrance way with a basalt door-sill and towers on either side. The building has red mud brick walls which are 1.85 meters (6 feet)Â  thick, and even today stand 1.5 m (5 ft)Â  tall. Radiocarbon dates have placed this structure securely between 4400 and 3900 BC. A workshop of craft activities (flint-working, basalt grinding, mollusc shell inlay) has been identified at Tell Brak, as has a large building which contained mass-produced bowls and a unique obsidian and white marble chalice held together with bitumen. A large collection of stamp seals and so-called sling bullets were also recovered here. A feasting hall at Tell Brak contains several very large ​hearths and a quantity of mass-produced plates. Tell Braks Suburbs Surrounding the tell is an extensive zone of settlements covering an area of about 300 hectares, with evidence of use between the Ubaid period of Mesopotamia through the Islamic periods of the mid-first millennium AD. Tell Brak is connected by ceramic and architectural similarities to other sites in Northern Mesopotamia such as Tepe Gawra and Hamoukar. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Mesopotamia , and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Charles M, Pessin H, and Hald MM. 2010. Tolerating change at Late Chalcolithic Tell Brak: responses of an early urban society to an uncertain climate. Environmental Archaeology 15:183-198. Oates, Joan, Augusta McMahon, Philip Karsgaard, Salam Al Quntar and Jason Ur. 2007. Early Mesopotamian urbanism: A new view from the north. Antiquity 81:585-600. Lawler, Andrew. 2006. North Versus South, Mesopotamian Style. Science 312(5779):1458-1463 Also, see the Tell Brak home page at Cambridge for more information.

Biography of Fidel Castro, Cuban President for 50 Years

Biography of Fidel Castro, Cuban President for 50 Years Fidel Castro (August 13, 1926–November 25, 2016) took control of Cuba by force in 1959 and remained its dictatorial leader for nearly five decades. As the leader of the only communist country in the Western Hemisphere, Castro was long the focus of international controversy. Fast Facts: Fidel Castro Known For: President of Cuba, 1959–2008  Born: August 13, 1926 in the province of Orient, CubaParents: ngel Maria Bautista Castro y Argiz and Lina Ruz GonzlezDied: November 25, 2016 in Havana, Cuba  Education: Colegio de Dolores in Santiago de Cuba, Colegio de Belà ©n, University of HavanaSpouse(s): Mirta Diaz-Balart (m. 1948–1955), Dalia Soto del Valle (1980–2016); Partners: Naty Revuelta (1955–1956), Celia Snchez, others.  Children: One son Fidel Castro Diaz-Balart (known as Fidelito, 1949–2018) with Diaz-Balart; five sons (Alexis, Alexander, Alejandro, Antonio, and ngel) with Soto del Valle; one daughter (Alina Fernandez) with Naty Revuelta Early Life Fidel Castro was born Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz on August 13, 1926 (some sources say 1927) near his fathers farm, Birn, in southeast Cuba in what was then the Oriente Province. Castros father ngel Maria Bautista Castro y Argiz came to Cuba from Spain to fight in the Spanish American War and stayed. ngel Castro prospered as a sugarcane farmer, eventually owning 26,000 acres. Fidel was the third of seven children born to Lina Ruz Gonzlez, who worked for ngel Castro as a maid and cook. At the time, the elder Castro was married to Maria Luisa Argota, but that marriage eventually ended and then ngel and Lina married. Fidels full siblings were Ramon, Raà ºl, Angela, Juanita, Emma, and Agustina. Fidel spent his youngest years on his fathers farm, and at the age of 6 he began school at Colegio de Dolores in Santiago de Cuba, transferring to the Colegio de Belà ©n, an exclusive Jesuit high school in Havana. Becoming a Revolutionary In 1945, Fidel Castro started work on a law degree at the University of Havana, where he excelled at oratory and quickly became involved in politics. In 1947, Castro joined the Caribbean Legion, a group of political exiles from Caribbean countries who planned to rid the Caribbean of dictator-led governments. When Castro joined, the Legion was planning to overthrow Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, but the plan was later canceled because of international pressure. In 1948, Castro traveled to Bogot, Colombia with plans to disrupt the Pan-American Union Conference, when country-wide riots broke out in response to the assassination of Jorge Eliecer Gaitn. Castro grabbed a rifle and joined the rioters. While handing out anti-U.S. pamphlets to the crowds, Castro gained first-hand experience of popular uprisings. After returning to Cuba, Castro married fellow student Mirta Diaz-Balart in October 1948. Castro and Mirta had one child together, Fidel Castro Diaz-Balart (known as Fidelito, 1949–2018). Castro vs. Batista In 1950, Castro graduated from law school and began practicing law. Retaining a strong interest in politics, Castro became a candidate for a seat in Cubas House of Representatives during the election of June 1952. However, before the elections could be held, a successful coup led by General Fulgencio Batista toppled the previous Cuban government, canceling the elections. From the beginning of Batistas rule, Castro fought against him. At first, Castro took to the courts to try legal means to oust Batista. However, when that failed, Castro began to organize an underground group of rebels. Castro Attacks the Moncada Barracks On the morning of July 26, 1953, Castro, his brother Raà ºl, and a group of about 160 armed men attacked the second-largest military base in Cuba- the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba. Confronted with hundreds of trained soldiers at the base, there was little chance that the attack could have succeeded. Sixty of Castros rebels were killed; Castro and Raà ºl were captured and then given a trial. After delivering a speech at his trial which ended with, Condemn me. It does not matter. History will absolve me, Castro was sentenced to 15 years in prison. He was released two years later, in May 1955. The 26th of July Movement Upon his release, Castro went to Mexico where he spent the next year organizing the 26th of July Movement (based on the date of the failed Moncada Barracks attack). There he became involved with Naty Revuelta, a Cuban fellow fighter against Batista. Although the affair did not last, Naty and Fidel had a daughter, Alina Fernandez. The affair also ended Fidels first marriage: Mirta and Fidel were divorced in 1955. On December 2, 1956, Castro and the rest of the 26th of July Movement rebels landed on Cuban soil with the intention of starting a revolution. Met by heavy Batista defenses, nearly everyone in the Movement was killed, with merely a handful escaping, including Castro, Raà ºl, and Che Guevara. For the next two years, Castro continued guerrilla attacks and succeeded in gaining large numbers of volunteers. Using guerrilla warfare tactics, Castro and his supporters attacked Batistas forces, overtaking town after town. Batista quickly lost popular support and suffered numerous defeats. On January 1, 1959, Batista fled Cuba. Castro Becomes Cubas Leader In January, Manuel Urrutia was selected as president of the new government and Castro was placed in charge of the military. However, by July 1959, Castro had effectively taken over as leader of Cuba, which he remained for the next five decades. During 1959 and 1960, Castro made radical changes in Cuba, including nationalizing industry, collectivizing agriculture, and seizing American-owned businesses and farms. Also during these two years, Castro alienated the United States and established strong ties with the Soviet Union. Castro transformed Cuba into a communist country. The United States wanted Castro out of power. In one attempt to overthrow Castro, the U.S. sponsored the failed incursion of Cuban-exiles into Cuba in April 1961 (the Bay of Pigs Invasion). Over the years, the U.S. has made hundreds of attempts to assassinate Castro, all with no success. Fidel was rumored to have had many partners and illegitimate children over his lifetime. In the 1950s, Fidel began a relationship with the Cuban revolutionary Celia Snchez Manduley (1920–1980) which lasted until her death. In 1961, Castro met Cuban teacher Dalia Soto del Valle. Castro and Dalia had five children together (Alexis, Alexander, Alejandro, Antonio, and ngel) and married in 1980, after Snchezs death. During his presidency, Vilma Espà ­n de Castro, a fellow revolutionary and the wife of Raà ºl Castro, acted as First Lady. Cuban Missile Crisis In 1962, Cuba was the center of world focus when the U.S. discovered the construction sites of Soviet nuclear missiles. The struggle that ensued between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, the Cuban Missile Crisis, brought the world the closest it has ever come to nuclear war. Over the next four decades, Castro ruled Cuba as a dictator. While some Cubans benefited from Castros educational and land reforms, others suffered from the food shortages and lack of personal freedoms. Hundreds of thousands of Cubans fled Cuba to live in the United States. Having relied heavily on Soviet aid and trade, Castro found himself suddenly alone after the downfall of the Soviet Union in 1991; many speculated that Castro would fall as well. Even though the U.S. embargo against Cuba was still in effect and damaging Cubas economic situation throughout the 1990s, Castro remained in power. Retirement In July 2006, Castro announced that he was temporarily handing over power to his brother Raà ºl while he underwent gastrointestinal surgery. Complications with the surgery caused infections for which Castro underwent several additional surgeries. Rumors of his death appeared frequently in news reports for the next decade, but they were all proven false until 2016. Still in ill health, Castro announced on February 19, 2008, that he would not seek nor accept another term as president of Cuba, effectively resigning as its leader. The handover of power to Raà ºl raised more anger among  United States officials, who characterized the transfer as the prolonging of a dictatorship. In 2014, President Barack Obama used his executive powers to attempt to normalize diplomatic relations and exchange prisoners with Cuba. But after Obamas visit, Castro publicly denigrated his offer and insisted that Cuba needed nothing from the U.S. Death and Legacy Fidel Castro was in power through 10 U.S. presidential administrations, from Eisenhower to Obama, and he sustained personal relationships in Latin America with political leaders such as Hugo Chavez of Venezuela and literary leaders such as the Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez, whose novel The Autumn of the Patriarch is in part based on Fidel. Castro made his final public appearance to a congress of the Cuban Communist Party in April 2016. He died of undisclosed causes in Havana on November 25, 2016. Sources Archibold, Randal C. et al. Decades in the Making: Fidel Castros Obituary. The New York Times, November 29, 2016.  Arsenault, Chris. Obituary: Fidel Castro. Al Jazeera, November 26, 2018.  DePalma, Anthony. Fidel Castro, Cuban Revolutionary Who Defied U.S., Dies at 90, The New York Times, November 26, 2016.  Meet Fidel Castros family: torn by bitterness, rows and dysfunction. The Telegraph, November 26, 2016.Sullivan, Kevin and J.Y. Smith. Fidel Castro, revolutionary leader who remade Cuba as a socialist state, dies at 90. The Washington Post, November 26, 2016.

Employment Relations in the United Kingdom Essay

Employment Relations in the United Kingdom - Essay Example In fact, by 1910, trade unions had the authority to engage in strikes, industrial actions and mass protests, without running the risk of prosecution for any damages resulting from such acts. At the time, there was minimal regulation of safety and health standards for workplaces, with trade unions taking up the role of championing for such rights. With European nation having colonies around the world, the economic context was quite favourable (McCrudden, 2007:259). Acquisition of raw materials, cheap labour and a huge market for industrial products was the defining feature of the European economy at the time. As such, the rise of trade unions, with minimal control from the respective central governments was a common figure. In the United Kingdom, the law at the time allowed for industrial action between employers and their employees, without any interference by the state (Nick, 2010: 111). Perhaps, this was a sort of â€Å"immunity† from the provisions of the prevalent common l aw, which does not recognise such rights. The United Kingdom was among the very first countries to institute industrial relations in its systems (Lewis, 1983: 271). Since this development, the UK has seen a major turn of events over the time, to the present day state of affairs, in the employment and labour market. Perhaps, modern day industrial relations have their basis and growth in the Great Britain, dating back to the early twentieth century. Right from the start of the industrial revolution, the UK has played a great role in modelling labour and employment relations around the globe. In fact, any literature or study, which does not refer to the industrial revolution, will have difficulties in explaining labour relations in any part of the world. In the early parts of the twentieth century, the relations in the industrial sector relied on regulation for the purposes of controlling the wage conflicts between employers and their staff, and the steep competition between industry p layers as well. The result was creation of the first industrial relations regulation, primarily focusing on addressing the twin problems above (Darlington & Lyddon, 2001: 53). After the world war, there was an increase in the need to produce more for the war-ravaged economy. However, pertinent issues around wages, extraneous working conditions, and deteriorated working environments were a major concern among many industries. With this scenario, in 1968 trade unions came into play, as a channel through which employees in all industries and firms could have level bargaining grounds (Singh, 2005: 165). With these unions, the landscape of industrial labour relation begun to change dramatically, as employees got more power to champion for their rights, especially on wages and working conditions. Trade unions played a major role in determining employment relations in the United Kingdom. The British labour relations fall under three categories, over the last century. Firstly, the volunteer philosophy is an integral aspect of the growth of collective bargaining for workers. Secondly, there was the establishment of trade unions, whose mandate was to champion for the wages, and minimum responsibility of the employers to their employees (Heery, 2010: 80). This was particularly crucial in creation of an independent entity, free from state influence on the affairs of the work place. This development kept the state away from active engagement in the employment

Strategic and Financial Decision-making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic and Financial Decision-making - Essay Example The brokers of the stock exchanges or any qualified individual can play the role of the analysts. They try to identify the trends by analyzing the past behaviour of the stock and other market important information. The statistical tools such as beta, alpha, regression, time series etc are popular among the analysts. London Stock exchange (LSE) is the prominent exchange in UK and FTSE 100 is a popular index of LSE followed by most of the investors and analysts. Beta of a stock measures the volatility of that particular stock with the market movement. In this report the betas of two FTSE 100 companies will be calculated using covariance and variance, and using the linear regression model. The two chosen companies are Experian (EXPN) and Sainsbury(J) (SBRY). EXPN is one of the leading companies in global information services. It provides data analytical tools and other systems that help an organisation to take proper decisions (Experian, Plc. n.d.). Organisations like banks, government departments or retailers etc are the clients of EXPN. SBRY is UK’s third largest chain of supermarket and convenience store engaged in retail marketing of daily household products like grocery, garments etc. â€Å"Sainsburys Supermarkets is UKs longest standing major food retailing chain, having opened its f irst store in 1869, presently consisting a chain of 525 supermarkets and 303 convenience stores – and Sainsburys Bank† (J Sainsbury Plc. 2010). SBRY and EXPN, both the companies were listed in the LSE on July 11, 1975 and on October 26, 2006 respectively and the stocks of these companies are currently traded at the rate  £323.78 and  £600 respectively (London Stock Exchange. 2010). In order to calculate the betas of both the companies, the historical stock prices are required. The beta will be calculated using the covariance of stock return and market return relative to the variance of market return. The second method uses linear

Implementing a taser program into a law enforcement agency Essay

Implementing a taser program into a law enforcement agency - Essay Example Taser stun guns have recently come under close scrutiny and critiscm because of the risks they pose to the public and their intended use. This has also been fuelled by the increased use of these devices, especially in the United States, and their intended use in the United Kingdom (Feakin 2007). Taser stun guns have been touted as the non-lethal alternative to deadly force and guns (Driscoll 2003, ACLU 2005), which has been viewed as an advantage when it comes to apprehending crime suspects, as it avoids needless deaths and injuries. However, there are figures which show that between 1999 and September 2004, approximately 71 individuals died in North America as a result of the use of the Taser stun gun (ACLU 2005). Whilst some may claim that these deaths are still less than those that come about as a result of the use lethal weapons, this still does raise some issues about whether Taser stun guns should be used at all, and if so, should their use be restricted to certain individuals. There are also figures which show that at the end of 2004, the fatalities from Taser stun guns had increased and there is evidence to suggest these deaths are a result of the incorrect or overuse of the device (ACLU 2005). For instance, there was an incident in the US where a young man was stunned for up to 17 times by the Taser stun guns (ACLU 2005) and this is thought to have contributed to the individual's death. Such incidences have most likely to have been the cause of the public concerns about this device, as it seems that the use of the Taser stun gun device is contributing to deaths, instead of preventing them. In addition to this, the manufacturers of the Taser stun gun have denied any claims that their device has directly contributed to the deaths of any individuals (Driscoll 2003, ACLU 2005). Despite these safety concerns, the appeal of the Taser stun gun to law enforcement agencies worldwide is appealing. For instance, law enforcement agencies in the UK, do not carry guns and the purchase and use of Taser stun guns is highly attractive as an alternative to considering lethal devices. In the US, law enforcement agencies already carry lethal devices and Taser stun guns are an attractive option to counter-act concerns regarding the deaths of innocent civilians caught in the cross-fire or in instances of mistaken identity. However, the concerns over the current use of Taser stun guns seem to be related to their application and over-use of the device. This has been acknowledged by the International Association of Chiefs of Policy (IACP) which has recommended the re-evaluation of Taser training and the establishment of policies (ACLU 2005), to minimise the deaths from the use of this device. This acknowledgement from the IACP does recognise that the use of t

The State of Sovereign Wealth Funds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The State of Sovereign Wealth Funds - Essay Example The commonly utilised value for price volatility is the percentage, which serves to eliminate the problems presented by changing currency values, when presenting volatility of commodities available globally. In most circumstances of international commodity price volatility, economists normally utilise a common currency, like the dollar to represent volatility. International businesses, however, present the calculation of volatility in terms of percentage of a specified figure. Volatility normally revolves around measurement of dispersion observed in numerous securities or market index. The calculation of volatility enables economists to predict the amount of uncertainty existing for given commodities. The uncertainties are normally presented by notable changes observed in the commodity prices. These changes are utilised in making predictions concerning stability of stocks and expected changes, based on previous observations. Volatility represents commodity risk and high volatility in dicates high investment risk in such stocks. The risk is normally presented by anticipated change, with stocks having high volatility being marked as expected to have dramatic price adjustments over a short duration. Price fluctuations remain a fundamental constituent of calculated volatility values established by economist. Stable commodities customarily experience minimal fluctuations; hence lower volatility for such commodities. Stability in commodity prices does not occur often within the free market economies as demand and supply change continuously. Expanding boundaries of national economies dissolving into the global economy have contributed to increased difficulty in management of commodity price volatility. Technological advancements have contributed significantly towards a global shift in the living standards, consequently resulting in increased price volatility. Within the global economy, price control continues to become increasingly difficult because of the existing pol icy discrepancies among different countries. The concept of free market has continued to create an unprecedented, uncontrolled flux in pricing within the global market. Increases in commodity demand against the available supply continue to have a negative impact on the prices, causing increased price volatility. Investors, within the business world, commonly rely on volatility when making numerous investment decisions. Through volatility the individuals can make estimations of expected returns on investments, based on security volatility. Management of volatility remains a fundamental element for investors seeking success in the constantly changing commodity prices in the free market. Though volatility could be utilised in making future predictions, numerous changes could be initiated in the management process of volatility, consequently avoiding the adverse effects created by high volatility. The business decisions made following estimations from volatility consist of numerous assu mptions. One major assumption in estimating volatility remains the unchanging business environment, enabling constant business conditions. Though calculations remain accurate, as they are based on current market prices, the prevailing business conditions resulting to the result cannot remain fixed. Governments, for example, might introduce regulations and policies seeking to protect investors from adverse effects of volatility. Changes in the business

Lee Cantor's Assertive Discipline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lee Cantor's Assertive Discipline - Essay Example behavioral modification plans and offers a systematic approach to the reinforcement of appropriate student behavior, encouraging teachers to â€Å"catch the student being good† and implement a detailed systematic plan for the use of mild punishers for wrong behaviors (Canter 1989). The system was designed in response to the widespread need for greater classroom management skills. By 1991 about 750,000 teachers had been trained to use Assertive Discipline. However, the popularity of the discipline was mostly built on good marketing rather than on profound research. This fact has been repeatedly underlined by the scholars, who argued that Assertive Discipline and its impact on students should be examined on a wider territory and a variety of settings in a longitudinal study. Though the discipline has received many appraise, it has also met much critical argumentation about the appropriateness of the operant procedures in the modern humanistic education system. However, as Evans et al. suggested, strong criticism was mostly the result of a long-lasting argument between humanism and behaviorism and this argumentation can go forever (p.13). This paper examines researches having been done on Assertive Discipline. We will see where the program has been implemented and whether it has been effective in a variety of settings. Assertive discipline got much praise. Lee Canter (1989) enumerates the dissertations, master’s theses and research projects dealing with Assertive Discipline. The results revealed that teachers dramatically improved student behavior when they used Assertive Discipline approach. Assertive Discipline helps to reduce the frequency of disruptive behavior in the classroom, greatly reduce the number of students referred to administrators, increase students’ time-on task. The teachers implementing Assertive Discipline were evaluated as more effective in classroom management. Research carried out in school districts in Oregon, California, Ohio and Arizona

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

International trade - Essay Example History of Globalization: An Overview Economic historians have better approaches regarding the concept of globalization. According to O’ Rourke and Williamson (1996: 499- 530), the world economic condition was well organized and exceptionally well integrated even by the standards of late 20th century. Next to it, world historians further elaborate that the phenomenon of globalization stretches back to quite a few centuries. According to a famous socialist and economic historian, Andre Gunder Frank (1998), â€Å"there was a single global world economy with a worldwide division of labor and multilateral trade from 1500 onward.† On the other hand, Jerry Bentley (1999: 5-9) argued that ‘single global economy’ even existed before 1500. ... concepts also match with the concept of Adam Smith who considered these two events as the most significant parts of recorded history that had strongly influenced the economy and society of the world (Tracy, 1990: 1- 13). However, the historian of modern period has diverse approach in this regard. For example, according to Menard (1991: 228- 75), the globalization boom appeared with transport revolution and before 1800; the overall world economy was badly integrated while Immanuwl Wallerstein considers that the European economy in sixteenth century brought forward the phenomenon of economic globalization that stood upon the mode of capitalist production (Wallerstein, 1974). He further believes that various countries like Russia, India, West Africa and the Ottoman Empire became the part of ‘one global economy’ somewhere between 1750 and 1850. This was the time period when trade among these countries carried out in bulk. However, whatever the time period of globalization in actual; there are abundant of evidences that support that 19th century held a very huge globalization bang where international trade expanded all over the world. From above mentioned detail, it can be easily observed that the basic aim behind all the process of globalization was just to develop business operations worldwide. This was also to facilitate the global communication which is a result of advancements in technology and technical knowledge. The objective behind the whole process is just to provide a superior competitive situation to an organization with lesser possible operating costs in order to produce greater number of goods and services as well as consumers. In order to gain this approach, resources are diversified, new investment prospects are developed by opening new markets and

Lee Cantor's Assertive Discipline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lee Cantor's Assertive Discipline - Essay Example behavioral modification plans and offers a systematic approach to the reinforcement of appropriate student behavior, encouraging teachers to â€Å"catch the student being good† and implement a detailed systematic plan for the use of mild punishers for wrong behaviors (Canter 1989). The system was designed in response to the widespread need for greater classroom management skills. By 1991 about 750,000 teachers had been trained to use Assertive Discipline. However, the popularity of the discipline was mostly built on good marketing rather than on profound research. This fact has been repeatedly underlined by the scholars, who argued that Assertive Discipline and its impact on students should be examined on a wider territory and a variety of settings in a longitudinal study. Though the discipline has received many appraise, it has also met much critical argumentation about the appropriateness of the operant procedures in the modern humanistic education system. However, as Evans et al. suggested, strong criticism was mostly the result of a long-lasting argument between humanism and behaviorism and this argumentation can go forever (p.13). This paper examines researches having been done on Assertive Discipline. We will see where the program has been implemented and whether it has been effective in a variety of settings. Assertive discipline got much praise. Lee Canter (1989) enumerates the dissertations, master’s theses and research projects dealing with Assertive Discipline. The results revealed that teachers dramatically improved student behavior when they used Assertive Discipline approach. Assertive Discipline helps to reduce the frequency of disruptive behavior in the classroom, greatly reduce the number of students referred to administrators, increase students’ time-on task. The teachers implementing Assertive Discipline were evaluated as more effective in classroom management. Research carried out in school districts in Oregon, California, Ohio and Arizona

Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Latin America - Essay Example One of the key areas of influence was on the Latin American economy. As the article above highlights, there are two different forms of economies in the region, and this highlights how the different European countries that conquered Latin America had different economic policies and approaches. For example, Spain conquered Latin America in order to exploit the natural resources in the region and export them to Europe. This form of exploration favored the state controlled type of economy, which, according to the article, persists till today. On the other hand, countries such as Netherlands and England favored free trade where they allowed for the production of sugar, cotton and tobacco, which were sold to other countries for profit. These were the basis of globalization and free markets. This explains why certain countries in the region have shown greater economic success than others. In the article for instance, Luhnow argues that the Pacific-facing countries have shown higher levels of economic growth by taking advantage of globalization compared to their Atlantic facing counterparts who have favored state controls. For example, the author notes that Argentina has immensely suffered from the heavy-handed regulation. This article gives a clear picture of how Latin America has been influenced by the different European countries that colonized the

Responsible Borrowing Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Responsible Borrowing Worksheet Essay Many students borrow federal student loans to pay for college. The goal of this assignment is to help you learn how to borrow responsibly, which may mean that you do not borrow at all or that you borrow only what you truly need. To borrow responsibly, you must understand your options and establish a financial plan for your entire program. With that plan in place, you can then focus on your classes and making connections with instructors and other students. There are two steps listed below for this assignment. Respond to the questions for each step in this worksheet only and submit your completed document to the Assignment Files tab. Step 1 Watch the â€Å"Responsible Borrowing (Financial Aid)† video on the orientation website located here: http://www.phoenix.edu/student-orientation.html. Respond to the following three questions in the spaces provided below: What is financial aid? Financial aid is an invaluable resource that will help a student and their families pay for college expenses. The expenses that may be covered includes college tuition, living expenses, books, laptop, necessary supplies and even transportation costs. Financial aid options available are grants, scholarships, loans and also work study programs. How do grants differ from loans? Grants are money that does not have to be paid back. They are free money for college. Grants are usually based on a student’s financial needs. Loans are  money that is borrowed and must be paid back, usually with interest costs. The major grants available for students are federal Pell Grants and Cal Grants. There are smaller federal grants that are also available. What effect does class attendance have on funding availability? The effects that class attendance has on a student’s funding availability are a student will lose their government student aid funding if the minimum attendance requirements are not met. If a student withdraws or quits or has been withdrawn or failed because of class attendance the student is required to repay any of the federal aid that was used during their time of enrollment for the course(s). Step 2 Access the Financial Plan at www.phoenix.edu/financialplan. Enter your program and respond to the questions. Explore the information about options for payment, reducing cost, and military students (if applicable). If you have already completed the plan as part of the enrollment process, you can use those results for this step. Respond to the following two questions in the spaces provided below: Based on this plan, what is your estimated monthly payment when you enter repayment? As a result of completing the plan, what changes can you make to reduce the amount you may borrow? Why?

Boer War - The Causes :: African Africa History

Boer War - The Causes There were significant political conflicts between the two sides. The Boers treated all blacks very badly and did not give basic human rights even to the blacks working for them. They made them pay taxes but could not vote. It was said to be through religious reasons that the Boers treated blacks so badly. This awful treatment infuriated the British, who had abolished slavery in all its colonies as well as at home in 1834. The Dutch wanted to keep its slaves. Europeans working in the Boer territories were also mistreated. These "Uitlanders" as they were known were key to the Boers' economic success, yet were still denied the vote. The war occurred also because of strategic reasons. The British had already seized Swaziland, Bechuanaland and Basutoland, which more or less surrounded the Boers who feared that if the British took any more territory, they could be under siege, particularly if their route to the sea was blocked. The British wanted to control all of Southern Africa, not just small areas which were isolated - the Boers were their main opponents. There were economic issues involved in the war. The Boers took control of the Transvaal and set up the Orange Free State. They found gold in the Transvaal and this area became very rich indeed. Later diamonds were found in this area as well, and there was argument between the British and Boers over in which nation's territory they lay. Certain individuals had a major role in provoking the war. Cecil Rhodes was probably the most ambitious of Britain's leaders abroad. He was a real imperialist, and strove to expand the British Empire further, especially through his dream of a "Cape Colony to Cairo" railway. He was strongly anti-Boer, and his actions seemed to shape British policy back at home. Also highly influential was Sir Alfred Milner, who was the British High Commissioner and was also strongly anti-Boer. He was supposed to be a peacemaker, but it were the demands he placed on the Boers which sparked the war, and he ended up looking more like a warmonger. Paul Kruger, President of the Transvaal and leader of the Boers, did not want to give in to the Uitlanders, since he feared he would lose his position if they were given the vote. It was he who had ordered the first attack against the British in 1881.

Total Quality Management (TQM) :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

TQM1 TQM in Foodservice Introduction One of the most important industries overall is the food industry. The food industry consists of everything from food processing plants to fast food restaurants. The food industry affects nearly every living person. Most people don't realize how important this industry is and how it affects their everyday lives. That is why it is so critical that the products of this industry are at their highest quality, are free of bacteria and ensure that the consumer will not face any detrimental consequences. Total Quality Management (TQM) plays a big role in promising these results. Total Quality Management seems to be a confusing term for the layman. TQM is a philosophy advocated by Dr. Edward Deming, a world renowned quality guru. It was widely accepted by Japan from 1950 onward. They used this principle for continuous refinement of an organization-wide quality system. Since then many organizations around the world have adopted TQM or similar methodologies. There have been many successes and many reported failures. Success of the system depends on the total commitment of the people to quality from top to bottom within the organization. TQM implementation is based on team work and the philosophy of continuous improvement. Statistics need to be used extensively to analyze and reduce the variation in the process. In the food industry, continuous improvement is vital to the survival of a specific company or restaurant. The customer is constantly purchasing the products of competitors and any decline in quality will equal a decrease in gross profits. There are several areas that a restaurant may focus on for quality improvement such as menu offerings, hospitality, service, cleanliness, and over all food quality. All of these aspects will be covered in this paper concerning Total Quality Management. Summary Employee & Product Quality Various well known companies such as Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Taco Bell have implemented Total Quality Management programs in an effort to increase quality and market share. Ritz-Carlton of Kansas City, Missouri, recently revamped menu selections for its rooftop-level restaurant and bar operation. This came about through customer surveys, focus-group studies of local restaurant patrons, employee opinions, and market analysis. This began with the general manager, Norm Howard, as TQM must start at the top to be successful. He states that "It [TQM] is about listening to your customers and empowering your employees to participate in important business decisions" (Stephenson, 1993). Taco Bell, with the implementation of a Total Quality Management system, has improved its speed of service, friendliness of service, and value for money ratings. This company has done this by empowering employees and seeking customer input. By integrating their employees into the system,

Major Managerial Skills Needed by Every Supervisor Essay

1.Identify the major managerial skills needed by every supervisor. Why are these important? The major managerial skills are technical, human relations, administrative, conceptual, leadership, political and emotional intelligence skills. The Managerial skills which are required by managers working at different levels of management. The top-level managers require more conceptual skills and less technical skills. The lower-level managers require more technical skills and fewer conceptual skills. Human relations skills are required equally by all three levels of management. Technical Skills A technical skill is the ability to perform the given job. Technical skills help the managers to use different machines and tools. It also helps them to use various procedures and techniques. The low-level managers require more technical skills. This is because they are in charge of the actual operations. Human relations Skills Human relations skills are also called Interpersonal skills. It is an ability to work with people. It helps the managers to understand, communicate and work with others. It also helps the managers to lead, motivate and develop team spirit. Human relations skills are required by all managers at all levels of management. This is so, since all managers have to interact and work with people. Administrative Skills Administrative skills are required at the top-level management. The top-level managers should know how to make plans and policies. They should also know how to get the work done. They should be able to co-ordinate different activities of the organization. They should also be able to control the full organization. Conceptual Skills Conceptual skill is the ability to visualize the organization as a whole. It includes Analytical, Creative and Initiative skills. It helps the manager to identify the causes of the problems and not the symptoms. It helps him or her to solve the problems for the benefit of the entire organization. It helps the manager to fix goals for the whole organization and to plan for every situation. Leadership Skills The development of a leadership style that emphasizes collaboration, trust, and empathy; engages followers in all aspects of the organizational; and helps followers to better themselves. Political skills the savvy to ascertain the hidden rules of the organizational game and to recognize the roles various people play in getting things done outside and to formal organizational channels. Emotional intelligence skills The â€Å"intelligent† use of your emotions to help guide your behavior and thinking in ways that enhance your results. You can maximize your emotional intelligence by developing good communication skills, interpersonal relationship, and mentoring relationships. 2. Summarize the difficulties supervisors face in fulfilling managerial roles. The supervisory position is difficult and demanding role. Supervisors are â€Å"people in the middle† that between higher-level managers and employees. In illustrate many of the challenges a supervisors faces, effective supervisors must be adaptable and be able to maintain their perspective in the face or rapidly changing conditions. The supervisors must also be a competent subordinate to higher-level managers. In this role, the supervisors must to be a good follower. The position of any supervisors has two main requirements. Fist the supervisors must have a good working knowledge of the jobs to be performed. Second, and more significant, the supervisors must be able to manage the department. It is the supervisor’s managerial competence that usually determines the effectiveness of his or her performance. 3. Explain the difference between management and leadership. †¢The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing. †¢The manager relies on control; the leader inspires trust. †¢The manager focuses on systems and structures; the leader focuses on people. †¢The manager administers; the leader innovates. †¢The manager asks how and when; the leader asks what and why. †¢The manager accepts the status quo; the leader challenges it. 4. What are the obstacles that the supervisor may encounter when trying to gain cooperation by coordinating the department’s various activities? †¢Developing and maintaining the problem control process †¢Reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of the problem control process †¢Producing management information †¢Allocating resources for the support effort †¢Monitoring the effectiveness of error control and making recommendations for improving it †¢Developing and maintaining problem and error control systems †¢Reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of proactive Problem Management activities. 5. Discuss why the supervisor should not attempt to ignore or circumvent the labor agreement, even if it seems like the right thing to do. As members of management, supervisors have the right and duty to make decisions. A labor agreement does not take away that right. However it does give the union a right to challenge a supervisor’s decision that the union believes to be a violation of the labor agreement. For example, virtually all labor agreements specify that management has the right to discipline and discharge for â€Å"just† (or â€Å"proper†) cause. The supervisor who follows â€Å"just cause† Standard for disciplinary action requiring tests of fairness and elements of normal due process, such as proper notification, investigation, sufficient evidence, and a penalty commensurate with the nature of the infraction.

History of British Theatre

The earliest forms of theatre in Britain were the religious ritual performances of the native Britons. The first theatre in Britain that we may recognize as such was that of the Romans. While we know a great deal about the Roman theatre its effect on Britain seems to have been limited – theatres were small and not particularly numerous (and may have been used for sports, gladiatorial contests and other mass spectacle entertainments more than for classical theatre). The ruins of a Roman Theatre in St. Albans still remain as a tourist attraction in Britain today. After the Roman pull out the chief performances in Britain came from travelling bards, or Scops, who provided entertainment to crowds at feasts, at events, or in nobles’ courts, usually in the form of epic poetry. Caedmon’s Hymn and the saga of Beowulf are two of the very few surviving stories that were performed during that time. Organized theatrical performance would soon supplant the Scops, thanks in large part to the spread of Christianity and the rise of the trade guilds in British towns. In the churches the liturgy was increasingly dramatized throughout the Middle Ages, with the architecture of the Churches themselves being used to great effect, with choirs of â€Å"angels† being flown in from the lofts and other spectacular special effects. Soon plays like â€Å"Everyman† were being written by anonymous priests who recognized the power theatre had to convey the Church’s teachings to the masses. And though the church dramas played an important role in nurturing mediaeval drama (and a very important role in developing the playwriting talents of the clergy) a much more immediate and visceral theatre was being forged outside of the churches in the mediaeval towns, in the form of the Cycle Plays. The Cycle Plays were given at the feast of Corpus Christi, and were performed on wagons that could be pulled to several different stations throughout a town. Over 40 individual plays could make up a cycle, with the shows beginning early in the morning and ending as darkness fell. The plays were anonymously written (probably by clergymen) and were dramatizations of the major events of the Bible. After the Cycle Plays waned in the later Middle Ages the wagon-based performances remained, with troupes of actors travelling from town to town performing in courtyards, taverns and wherever else they could secure a paying audience. These travelling players were likely the first taste of live theatre for a young boy from Stratford-upon-Avon named William Shakespeare. The years between Shakespeare arriving in London up until the closing of the theatres in 1642 can easily be called the Golden Age of British drama, for Shakespeare and his contemporaries composed a body of work during that time unequalled in British (and arguable world) theatrical tradition. The plays of the English Renaissance are unrivalled in their rhetorical might. They are, at their best, compelling stories of individual struggle and grand national narratives. But in 1642 the Puritans banned all theatrical performances in the heat of misguided religious fundamentalism. Until the Restoration in 1660 theatre went underground, performed in secret and devolving into less sophisticated entertainments. There is comparatively little written about the British theatre of the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries for good reason – next to the Renaissance what came after is of vastly inferior quality, almost always concerned with financial success more than any artistic, aesthetic or literary merit. There are exceptions – Sheridan was a playwright of some note, and John Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera a seminal moment in the birth of British musical theatre. But no one could even come close to rivalling Shakespeare until the last years of the 19th century, with the arrival of the Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. His plays are too polemical to supplant Shakespeare’s universality, but they did sweep away the centuries of mediocrity moving realism onto the English stage. The rise of Naturalistic drama dove-tailed perfectly with the rise of the director as the creative head of play production. With the passing of The Theatres Act in 1968 British Drama was finally freed from the last shackles of the past, when the powers of the Lord Chamberlain to license all plays was abolished. With the birth of the Royal National Theatre in 1963, the discovery of the remains of Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre, and the widespread embrace of theatre by Britons in the 20th and 21st centuries the conditions are ripe for another Golden Age of British drama in the years to come. The White Bear theatre The White Bear Theatre Club is a fringe theatre venue, established in 1988 in the White Bear pub in Kennington. It is run by Artistic Director Michael Kingsbury. Theatre practitioners who have worked at The White Bear include Joe Penhall, Hugh Allison, Mark Little, Emily Watson, Tamsin Outhwaite, Kwame Kwei-Armah, Vicky Featherstone, Torben Betts, Lucinda Coxon, Adam Spreadbury-Maher (Associate director 2008 – 2009) and Chris Loveless (Associate Director, 2009 – ). It is said to be one of the most interesting fringe theatres due to its small size and the intimacy of the acting space. Previous productions include: Bodyclock (Time Out Critics Choice), Cosi, Dracula (A new musical by Alex Loveless adapted from the original story by Bram Stoker), Life's A Dream, Feathers, The Return of the Soldier, The Card Index, Spin and I Only Want To Be With You. The theatre has been described by London review magazine Time Out as ‘Fringe Theatre of the first order, The White Bear must be saluted for staging such work' and Michael Billington from The Guardian was quoted as saying ‘Fringe theatre at his best. ‘ The White Bear has received numerous awards including Time Out Best Fringe Venue, Peter Brook Empty Space Award for Best Up and Coming Venue, Carling London Fringe Awards for Best Actor and Best Production. Southwark Playhouse Southwark Playhouse Theatre Company was founded in 1993 by Juliet Alderdice, Tom Wilson & Mehmet Ergen. They identified the need for a high quality accessible theatre which would also act as a major resource for the community. The theatre quickly put down strong roots in Southwark, developing an innovative, free at source, education programme. It has worked closely with teachers, Southwark Borough Council, businesses and government agencies to improve educational achievement and raise aspirations. This programme is in great demand and attracts substantial funding each year. The theatre's primary objectives are †¢ to produce high quality, cutting edge theatre in both traditional and non-traditional theatre environments †¢ to offer a fully resourced and wholly integrated education and community programme, providing opportunities for people of all ages in Southwark to engage with the borough's rich heritage and cultural potential to support the work of emerging theatre practitioners and companies by providing a well-equipped venue at an affordable cost, with appropriate resources and guidance †¢ to intertwine the artistic, education and community programmes so that fresh insights and opportunities are offered to broad sectors of users within the Southwark community The Drill Hall With a national and internation al reputation, The Drill Hall is the local theatre and arts centre for Bloomsbury and Fitzrovia in London's West End. Since 1977, The Drill Hall has produced, developed, nurtured and supported over 10,000 artists and productions. We have toured award-winning shows and events all over the world. Through our highly praised education programme we tackle homophobia and bullying and tour to schools, work with teachers, run youth theatres specifically for LGBT young people and have an artist-development programme. Our community theatre troupe, The Drill Hall Darlings, is now in its fourth year. It always welcomes new members and performs at The Drill Hall throughout the year. We have a wide-ranging workshop programme, a free Sure Start drop-in for local children under five and their families, and a regular programme of shows and storytelling for 7 to 11-year-olds. The Drill Hall is a major hub for the arts and media communities, providing some of the most sought after central London rehearsal facilities and radio and television recording spaces. We also offer low-cost meeting space for local community groups. The Drill Hall is one of The Theatres Trust's new Ecovenues. Through this prestigious scheme we aim to make The Drill Hall more ‘sustainable'. Alexander Grant It is quite easy to make a case for Alexander Grant's being the greatest male dancer ever produced by a British company. He was a character dancer of infinite variety: technically strong enough to dance Symphonic Variations in his younger days, but remembered principally for the huge number of roles he created (particularly for Ashton), and for the new life he gave to characters he took over from others. For several years in the 70s, Grant directed the Royal Ballet's educational group, Ballet for All, and in 1976 he left the company for a seven year stint as director of the National Ballet of Canada. These days he is still occasionally to be seen on stage with ENB, and he also coaches and produces – he was responsible for the recent successful Scottish Ballet revival of Fille. A close friend of Ashton's, he is still an irreplaceable source of information and advice. But his name conjures up, for those who saw him, spectacular dancing – with no trace of ‘look at me' – and above all the wonderful range of characters he brought to life before our eyes.

English Poetry Essay

Part A 2. What are the symbolic significances of the candy store in Lawrence Ferlinghetti’s â€Å"The Pennycandystore Beyond the El† (Geddes, 318)? The candy store in â€Å"The Pennycandystore Beyond the El† is symbolic of a child’s youth. This poem is referring to the fact that our childhood passes by too soon and the candy store is a reminder that we need to seize every moment to enjoy it. The pennycandystore offers as a retreat or refuge to the bad weather outside and the stresses of everyday life. It takes on the characteristics of an enchanted environment full of magic and wonder, where a child has the opportunity to enjoy their youth without any distractions. When â€Å"A girl ran in Her hair was rainy Her breasts were breathless in the little room† (Geddes 319), the safe haven of youth is invaded. The innocence of youth is lost and teenage adolescence is not far away. 3. After reviewing the entry on rhyme in Abram’s Glossary, identify three different types of end-rhyme in Theodore Roethke’s â€Å"Prayer† (Geddes, 140). What effects do the rhymes produce? In â€Å"Prayer† there are several examples of end rhyme that add to the overall structure of the poem. These examples of end-rhyme are lose/choose, dead/head, and preserve/serve. The person praying is using the rhymes to give the poem a light and sarcastic feel. â€Å"Therefore, O Lord, let me preserve The Sense that does so fitly serve; Take Tongue and Ear-all else I have-Let light attend me to the grave† (Geddes 140)! This passage suggests that the person praying wants light to attend them to the grave, but they believe it to be such a lofty request that they are offering their tongue, ear, and everything else on their body. The rhymes produce the notion that the prayer should not be taken too seriously. 4. What is the chief symbol in Lorna Crozier’s poem â€Å"Forms of Innocence† (Geddes, 675)? What does the symbol suggest beyond its literal meaning? The main symbol in the poem â€Å"Forms of Innocence† is the black swan, which represents the girl’s innocence. â€Å"A strange shape for innocence when you think of Leda but the girl insists it was a swan, black not white as you might expect† (Geddes 675). Black swans are a rare occurrence in nature and so is a girl’s innocence in life. The swan â€Å"took flight, how it soared from the window beating its wings high above the stubble field† (Geddes 675) is a representation of the girl losing her virginity. The girl losing her virginity is the final step to losing the innocence that she once had as a child. 5. In â€Å"Epithalamium† (Geddes, 600) Louise Gluck uses alliteration, assonance and consonance. Identify an example of each and comment on the effect of these devices in Gluck’s poem. In â€Å"Epithalamium† an example of alliteration is â€Å"Here is my hand that will not harm you† (Geddes 601). Here the poet is utilizing softer sounds. â€Å"There were others; their bodies were a preparation† (Geddes 600) is an example of assonance. An example of consonance is â€Å"the terrible charity of marriage† (Geddes 600). Both the example of assonance and consonance use harder sounds to convey a message. One could conclude that higher-pitched sounds aggravate the ear, while softer-pitched sounds appease the ear. The wife in the poem is describing her marriage to an abusive husband and uses sound to get her message across more clearly. However, it is ironic that the wife starts the poem with hard sounds and ends the attack on her husband with soft sounds. 6. How do any three of the plant/vegetation images function, or what do they convey, in Ezra Pound’s translation-poem â€Å"The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter† (Geddes, 2526)? The plants and vegetation in the poem communicate a message about a wife’s love for her husband. In the beginning of the poem we are presented with the image of a little girl â€Å"pulling flowers† (Geddes 25). The flowers symbolize a budding or growing relationship between the little boy and girl. Then at the end of the poem the plants and vegetation take on a completely different meaning. â€Å"You dragged your feet when you went out. By the gate now, the moss is grown, the different mosses† (Geddes 26). When the husband left the house he dragged his feet and cleared the moss away, but he has been gone so long that it has grown back. Though the wife says the moss is too deep to clear away, she really just doesn’t want to let go of this last memory of her husband. â€Å"The leaves fall early this autumn, in wind† (Geddes 26), is a representation of a husband and wife whose relationship is falling apart and becoming more and more distanced. Part B â€Å"Bushed† by Earle Birney In the following essay I intend to use the linear method of explication to examine the poem â€Å"Bushed†. The title â€Å"Bushed† refers to someone that is lost in the bush and is made volatile by living in the bush too long. In the following explication I will analyze and dissect each stanza, gaining some insight on the different stages that a man goes through living in the bush. The first of seven stanzas begins with the creation of a â€Å"rainbow† that is â€Å"shattered† (Geddes 161) by lightning. When referring to the â€Å"inventor† of the rainbow it is God. The rainbow is so big and overwhelming that â€Å"his mind slowed when he looked at it† (Geddes 161). The man in the poem is in awe of his natural surroundings. In the second stanza the man â€Å"learned to roast porcupine belly† (Geddes 161). This shows us that the man is learning how to use the resources around him to survive in the wilderness. In stanza three we are told the man is out at â€Å"dawn† regardless if it is â€Å"yellowed bright† or like a â€Å"fuzzed moth in a flannel storm† (Geddes 161). Here we become aware that the man is up at dawn regardless of the circumstances. The fourth stanza opens with, â€Å"But he found the mountain was clearly alive† (Geddes 161). This is where we begin to see the signs of paranoia and isolation setting into the man’s mind. The man gives the mountain human qualities such as â€Å"feet† and the ability to fall â€Å"asleep† (Geddes 161) that further suggest he is slowly losing his mind. In stanza five the man mistakes ospreys for valkyries, â€Å"When he tried his eyes on the lake ospreys would fall like valkyries† (Geddes 161). This is a sign that the man is beginning to panic being in the bush alone and fear is taking its toll. The â€Å"valkyries† as the man sees them are â€Å"choosing the cut-throat† (Geddes 161). The man is becoming delusional and believes birds want to cut his throat. Stanza six shows us the man succumbing to the intimidating force of nature. The â€Å"moosehorned cedars circled his swamps and tossed their antlers up to the stars† (Geddes 162). The man truly believes that the wilderness around him is coming alive. He seems to think, â€Å"the winds were shaping its peak to an arrowhead† (Geddes 162), â€Å"it† meaning the mountain. The isolation the man is experiencing is enhancing his fear, which is depressing his mind, and leading to insanity. The final stanza is the man totally giving up and surrendering to nature. He is waiting â€Å"for the great flint to come singing into his heart† (Geddes 161). The â€Å"flint† meaning the peak of the arrowhead from the mountain to come and end his life. This poem is a commanding examination of one man’s struggle to survive in the bush. We see that the human mind cannot fully comprehend what nature is trying to say, but we should make every effort to listen nonetheless. Works Cited Geddes, Gary. 20th Century Poetry & Poetics: Fourth Edition. Ontario: Oxford University Press Canada, 1996.

Professional standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional standards - Essay Example These principles arise from case laws. It can also be distinguished by the fact that breach depends on the actions of an individual and not on a previous agreement between parties as seen in contract law (HODGSON, et al, 2007). There are some examples of tort law which include; negligence, intentional torts, and nuisance. Negligence is the most common type of tort where the behaviour of an individual poses an unreasonable risk to people or property. The tort of negligence is established when it can be proven that there is an existence of duty of care between the two parties who are the defendant and the plaintiff. Secondly, when proven that the loss of harm was reasonably foreseeable. Also if it is established if there is a breach of duty on the part of the defendant. This is where it is proven that his behaviour falls below the threshold set for a reasonable person. Finally, negligence is proven if due to the defendant’s breach, there was loss or injury to the part of the pla intiff. Nuisance is a tort which implies that people should not interfere with other people right to quiet through the noise and pollution. If they do so, they are liable under the nuisance tort law. Finally, intentional tort covers acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm and cause harm. ... This is where the defendant needs to prove that the plaintiff was responsible for injury to some degree. If this is proven, the claimant will not recover anything. Also, the claimant recovers nothing if it can be proven that he voluntarily submitted himself to the injury, and he had knowledge of the risk. Finally, if it can also be proven that the injury or harm was as a result of the actions of a third party (LEVINSON, 2002). Statement analysis Looking at the below statements, some aspects clearly come up. â€Å"The standards of the profession, for example, are presumed by law to be reasonable standards. Such evidence is not by itself conclusive. It is not enough to act in accordance with a general practice if it ought to be apparent to a reasonable man that it is a negligent practice.’’ C.D. Baker (1991) These aspects include: the standards of profession where professionals are held according to the standards that are reasonable for a person within that profession. A person is not found guilty as long as they act according to what is expected in their field of work. This is seen in the case of Bolam Vs Friern Hospital Management Committee in 1957. In this case, Mr Bolam was a voluntary patient in a mental institution run by the Friern Hospital Management Committee. In the agreement, Mr Bolam agreed to undergo an electro-convulsive therapy. However, the procedure did not go well as he was not given a muscle relaxant. When he sued the hospital for neglect, it was seen that it was a common practice for professionals not to warn patients if the risk is small. It was also concluded that a medical profession should not be held guilty of negligence when he acts within his scope. They are not found guilty of neglect just because a

Organizational Development in HRD Change Model Research Paper

Organizational Development in HRD Change Model - Research Paper Example harmaceutical industry is also risky because to develop a drug requires huge investments and out of the many thousands of discovered compounds, only one might be approved drug for sale with the failure rate being high and very difficult to get the return on investment. Also, the high stakes required at the organization if the research and development shows that the total cost of the project does not reach the fruition needed. The organization also is also experiencing that the costs of healthcare have consistently raised faster than the GDP thus creation of an unsustainable situation in healthcare systems, whether it is publicly or privately funded. As a result, new barriers have been erected to market entry; pressures have increased on the pricing, reimbursement, and besides customers are increasingly demanding for evidence of the â€Å"value for money†. The costs of doing research and development have risen more sharply than the rate of inflation, while the number of drugs that were reaching the market has steadily fallen. Changes will pave way for improved integration between the company’s customer service activities, underwriting, and excellence in operations Vision is the strong belief focused on the right course of action. It is the most vital component when faced high uncertainties and actions are hard to contract. The vision of the organization: provision of access to safe, effective and affordable medicines and the related health care services to the people. Mission: Our priorities are God, people, and business. The core values of the organization: Leading portfolio of products and medicines that supports , wellness and safety of the population; committed to the application of science and our resources to improve the health and well being at every stage of life by providing high quality drugs; efficiency in the provision of services; operating on transparency; working in partnership with everyone from the patients to the health care providers to world