Ectothermic Animals

Ectothermic Animals An ectothermic animal, also commonly known  as a cold-blooded animal, is one who cannot regulate its own body temperature, so its body temperature fluctuates according to its surroundings. The term ectotherm comes from the Greek  ektos, meaning outside, and thermos, which means heat.   While common colloquially, the term cold-blooded is misleading because ectotherms blood isnt actually cold. Rather, ectotherms  rely on external or outside sources to regulate their body heat.  Examples of ectotherms include  reptiles,  amphibians,  crabs, and fish. Ectothermic Heating and Cooling Many ectotherms live in environments where very little regulation is needed, like the ocean, because the ambient temperature tends to stay the same. When necessary, crabs and other ocean-dwelling ectotherms will migrate toward preferred temperatures. Ectotherms who live mainly on land will use basking in the sun or cooling off in the shade to regulate their temperature. Some insects use the vibration of the muscles that control their wings to warm themselves without actually flapping their wings.   Due to ectotherms dependence on environmental conditions, many are sluggish during the night and early in the morning. Many  ectotherms need to heat up before they can become active.   Ectotherms in the Winter During the winter months or when food is scarce, many ectotherms enter torpor, a state where  their metabolism slows or  stops. Torpor is basically a short-term hibernation, which might last from a few hours to overnight. The  metabolic rate for torpid  animals can decrease up to 95 percent of its resting rate.   Ectotherms can also hibernate, which can occur for a season and for some species like the burrowing frog, for years. The metabolic rate for hibernating ectotherms falls to between one and two percent of the animals resting rate. Tropical lizards have not adapted to cold weather so they do not hibernate.

Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research Paper

Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research Paper For an elite athlete winning is the drug of choice. Being the best however is addictive and can lead some to take performance-enhancing drugs. Sport being the business of athletes is defined as ‘conforming to set of rules for the activity while aiming to achieve excellence,’ with one of the universal ‘rules’ being the prohibition of performance-enhancing drugs, and with good reason. Doping, the colloquial term for athletes taking such drugs, is banned as it creates an uneven playing field. Doping is also quite dangerous to an athlete’s long-term health. Performance-enhancing drugs need to therefore remain banned in sport to keep the playing field level and also for the future health of athletes. Different performance-enhancing drugs cater for different purposes, as do drugs used medicinally. There are a whole range of different drugs existing for those wanting to improve their performance by increasing muscle mass and strength, increasing delivery of oxygen to tissues, masking pain, stimulating the body, relaxing, reducing weight or even masking the usage of other drugs. Despite some drugs providing the possibility of a higher level of competition, most drugs are banned outright at elite levels unless a legitimate clinical reason exists. On the surface performance-enhancing drugs simply assist and benefit the physical performance of athletes. By looking deeper it is clear that every drug has its downfall. Amphetamines for example act as a stimulant enabling athletes to stay alert longer, minimise fatigue and maintain aggressiveness. They work by making the heartbeat faster, the lungs breathe faster and the brain think faster. The negative side of this is that while the body is working at a faster rate, it is under a much higher level of stress. As a result, athletes may suffer nervousness, high blood pressure or convulsions. In extreme cases sudden death is also a possibility. Amphetamines overload the body, making it work unnaturally fast, and in some cases it is found the body is simply unable to cope. Similar dangers exist with athletes taking drugs to increase oxygen flow to tissues. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a popular drug exemplifying this. A naturally occurring protein hormone, EPO is made by the kidneys in low oxygen conditions. It acts by stimulating bone marrow cells to make more red blood cells, effectively increasing the delivery of oxygen to the kidneys. Theoretically EPO sounds beneficial to athletes, particularly endurance athletes, but once again places extra strain on the body. By increasing the production of red-blood cells EPO thickens the blood, forcing the heart to work harder. Use of EPO as a performance-enhancing drug can be linked to an increased likelihood of heart attack or stroke. Amphetamines and EPO are both a real threat to the legitimacy of athletic competition and the long-term health of the athletes themselves. They are not however very publicly well known. Androgen-anabolic steroids or AAS are by far the most infamous performance-enhancing drug. Derived from testosterone, steroids are notorious for their muscle building capabilities. They work by enhancing the transcription of specific genes. They act by binding with the androgen receptor within a cell. The complex is then translocated into the nucleus before binding with the DNA. The mRNA is then processed with an increased protein synthesis. The major anabolic affect of steroids, attractive to strength or power athletes, is an increased muscle fibre area. To achieve such effect however athletes must combine steroid use with strength training. Contrary to popular belief, steroid use on its own has a limited impact. Androgenic or negative effects of steroids are many. In both sexes jaundice and liver damage is common due to an increased metabolic load. Other side affects include fluid retention and high blood pressure. In males, increased levels of testosterone can act as negative feedback to the pituitary gland, decreasing spermatogenesis, natural testosterone and the luteinizing hormone. Males also experience baldness, gynecomastia and infertility. In females, steroid use can cause growth of facial hair, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, breast atrophy and a thickening of the vocal chords (deepening the voice). Steroids also negatively affect the mental state of both genders and can lead to increased aggression, psychosis or depression. Comparing the anabolic to androgenic effects of steroids, it is surprising that athletes are still prepared to risk their health by taking steroids. The ends justifying the means, is a possible reason for athletes to take drugs, despite all the ready information on the dangers of drugs. An elite athlete is driven to win by a number of driving forces. A passion for their sport and a competitive spirit may be the initial motivating reason behind competing. Further down the track, the lure of prize money and lucrative sponsorship deals generally play a part. In some cases, the lure of fame and fortune become to strong, or too addictive, and athletes find themselves turning to illegal substances to get over the line. By investigating just three specific performance-enhancing drugs; amphetamines, EPO and steroids, it is clear that in general they impose dangerous long-term health risks. Drugs in sport however are not simply a biological dilemma. Ethics come into play where some believe that it is an athlete’s prerogative to choose whether or not they take drugs. But is it? As soon as one drug cheat enters the sporting arena all ‘clean’ athletes are immediately disadvantaged. Clean athletes are thus left in the position that they too must take drugs to remain competitive. To keep competition legitimate athletes must therefore take an ‘all for one and one for all’ stance on maintaining anti-doping laws. If the long-term health dangers are not succinct enough to prevent them from taking drugs, the impact it can have on their credibility should be. Professional sport needs to uphold its anti-doping laws or risk becoming a sad spectacle of simply who can pop the most pills. There are many substitutes to drug taking that athletes can employ to increase their performance. Diet, medicine, technology and coaching, already provide athletes with advantages, without endangering their long-term health. If nations or institutions wish to invest in sports sciences it should be to help athletes reach their individual peak physical condition, rather than push them beyond their natural limitations. Performance-enhancing drugs are dangerous to sport in reference to both health and reputation and therefore must remain banned. Bibliography http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Sports debatabase.org/details_print.asp?topicID=28 www.ausport.gov.au/asda http://espn.go.com/special/s/drugsandsports/steroids.html www.musclebuilder.com/ drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/messagesteroids305.html http://muscle.ucsd.edu/musintro/steroids.shtml http://muscle.ucsd.edu/musintro/stereff.shtml#anabolic http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test1.htm http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test3.htm http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test6.htm http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test7.htm Research Papers on Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research PaperThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic EngineeringTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Hockey Game

Immigration Policies in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Immigration Policies in the USA - Essay Example Policies throughout the years are at constant change, especially when they need to adapt to ever-changing matters like demographic impact on a society, ideological shift or even immigration issues. The progress of the policy change regarding immigration in the U.S. went through three phases. The first one was ‘the laissez-faire’; the second was ‘the qualitative restriction’ and the final phase ‘the quantitative restriction’ . Policy-makers went through these varies stages to accommodate foreign immigrants, while maintaining the native-born American identity. This finally poses the question; in how far has the issue of contemporary immigration in the U.S. affected the policy making and the American society? Moreover, it will answer the question of whether rights and liberties have been infringed upon, due to the current or altering immigration policies. This paper will also shed light on the fairness of the passed legislations to deal with the issue at hand. Additionally, it will expound whether features of American politics will hinder or expedite changes to the issue at hand. Finally, the paper will conclude on how far the contemporary immigration issue in the U.S. has affected both policymaking and society. American experience has been overspread by the culture of immigration ever since the first European settlers set foot in North America. Immigration is indeed a chain that ties many of the values that unite Americans. Not only is the vision of the U.S role in the world designed by immigration but it also trickles our view of human nature. A phenomenon that â€Å"will construct a new race, a new religion, a new state, a new literature† in the United States was seen by Ralph Waldo Emerson. The concerns about ethnic relations, the environment, social services, economy & other issues have been jostled by the sentiments evoked in the public policy arena by the idealism that surrounds the immigration. The debate over immigration has been expanded in the recent years, in order to broaden the range of foreign policy issues. The world refugee crisis, human rights, international trade, Latin America and the national security are the features of argument on U.S. It is crucial for American s to have an understanding of the issues that concern the long term goals for immigration policy, as per Congressional representatives debate for reform for current immigration law proposes. Issues related to border control, law enforcement and undocumented workers are current the primary focus of the existing proposals. Other issues such as human rights, the economy and the environment and security are the additional concerns raises by the proposed legislative policies. The age of a large amount of non-Europeans migrating to the United States is known as contemporary immigration, it hastened in the end of 1960s to the middle of 1970s after a prolonged interruption of constrained immigration. 1.6 million formerly unauthorized aliens and 1.1 million Special Agricultural Workers1 (SAW) were granted permanent resident status with a total of 17.1 million immigrants admitted in the United States between 1971 and 1995 under the provisions of Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986( her eafter IRCA). Contemporary immigration was as high as it has been in the first quarter of the century, which has been 17.2 million between 1901 and 1925. This was the time immigration was at its peak. The annual admission trends in both the peak periods show a very different trend, despite the similarity in numbers in both the time periods. With a number of obvious ebbs and movements the figure of annual admission

Stopping the Sprawl at HP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stopping the Sprawl at HP - Essay Example He is actually pushing for major changes that would result in the scrapping of thousands of smaller projects at the decentralized company to focus on a few corporate wide initiatives as well as scraping off more than 700 isolated databases. These would then be merged into one company data ware house that would effectively alter the structure of the company and its operations. In fact, all the company information would be processed from one system which would be more efficient. The makeover would have more positive impact than any other HP advertising campaign. If successful, this would reduce HP’s annual spending on technology by about half. It will give impetus on HP especially on how to capitalize on its vast product breadth where the company has been operating like a large conglomerate of separate companies instead of one entity. In brief he is trying to integrate all the information about HP into one big single entity that would make it relatively easy to measure performance. However, all these initiatives would have an impact especially on structure of HP. The $1 billion data warehouse initiative would see the possible laying off of thousands of workers as the improved system would be manageable by few people from centralised control points. Indeed this would improve efficiency and accuracy of data but the company structure would require less staff. Basically, from the outlined endeavors above, Mott is trying to make IT take root in the company’s culture which has been resistant to technological changes such as centralised control. The ultimate purpose is to make sure that all HP’s businesses are working from one set of data that would make it easy to monitor and check progress as well as making fast, informed decisions. 2. The culture of HP has been firmly embedded in their traditional way of doing things such as operating from decentralized operating

Psychological Abuse Essay Example for Free

Psychological Abuse Essay Psychological abuse refers to â€Å"abuse that damages the psyche, or the mind. Psychological abuse happens when one person attempts to gain power and control over another.† It involves the deliberate infliction of pain or anguish to another person through verbal or nonverbal conduct designed to humiliate or threaten another person (National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse). Psychological abuse if quite prevalent in the United States. Most of its victims are women. Indeed, it is estimated that about 1.5 million women get psychologically abused each year. Psychological abuse often leads to physical abuse, as well as domination of the relationship and isolation from friends and family (PsychAbuse.info, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychological abuse is dangerous because it poses many risks on the victim, such as acute stress, post traumatic stress disorder, and depression (PsychAbuse.info, 2006). The many documented effects of psychological maltreatment include: Other possible consequences of psychological abuse are emotional instability, low social competency, anxiety, and low academic achievement (Canadian Health Network, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Given the effects and signs of psychological abuse, the common victims are those who have no emotional or social support from family and friends. On the other hand, people who often have contact with vulnerable people are sometimes the ones who perpetrate psychological abuse. This group may include caregivers and even family members of the victim (National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One important issue on psychological abuse involves neglect, particularly on children. Neglect involves the omission of protection and care needed by a child, which could lead to adverse consequences such as juvenile delinquency, aggressive behavior, and child deaths (Canadian Health Network, 2004). In this connection, the fact that many children become victims of psychological abuse is a very alarming issue, particularly because of the tender age of the victims. Moreover, it is observed that may victims of child psychological abuse are emotionally disturbed, mentally retarded, or physically handicapped, although the onset of these conditions may differ as to time (Wall, 1975).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important issue with psychological abuse is the fact that it is believed to be the â€Å"most under-reported form of abuse.† Thus, the prevalence rates reported periodically may not be accurate since they only include those incidences that have been reported (Canadian Health Network, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another critical issue on psychological abuse is its pervasiveness in dating relationships. It is estimated that abuse during the courtship ranges from 20 to 50 percent of men and women. There is also another concern about the increased risk of abuse in a dating relationship due to the tendency of couples to prolong the dating relationship before marriage (Burke, Stets    Pirog-Good, 1988).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of these issues are worth exploring. Women and children appear to be at special risk given their vulnerability. Another vulnerable group is the aged, who have no support systems to rely on. References Burke, P. J.,   Stets, J. E.    Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988). Gender Identity, Self-Esteem,   Ã‚   and Physical and Sexual Abuse in Dating Relationships. Social Psychology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quarterly 51(3), 272-285.  Canadian Health Network. (2004). What is psychological maltreatment? Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   February 24, 2008, from http://www.canadian-health- network.ca/servlet/ContentServer?cid=1069439898222pagename=CHN- RCS%2FCHNResource%2FFAQCHNResourceTemplatec=CHNResourcelan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   g=En  National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse. Psychological Abuse. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   February 24, 2008, from   Ã‚   http://www.preventelderabuse.org/elderabuse/psychological.html  PsychAbuse.info. (2006). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved February 24, 2008,    from http://www.psychabuse.info/Psychological_Abuse_FAQ.htm Wall, C. M. (1975). Child Abuse: A Societal Problem with Educational Implications.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peabody Journal of Education 52(3), 222-225.

The Revolt Of Mother: The Power Of Decision Essay -- Mary Wilkins

The Revolt of Mother: The Power of Decision Decisions shape our lives. In history , the decisions of leaders and generals have changed the course of mankind. In today's world , multi-billion dollar corporations rest on the decisions of a few select executives. On a smaller but no less important scale, acting on decisions can liberate people from stagnation. In the story "The Revolt of Mother" the main character shows us the power of acting on decisions. Mother recognizes the wrongs of her situation and weighs the effect on her family. In the end she acts to free herself and her family from forty years of wrong. Mother lives forty years with a suppressed dream—a new house promised to her after her wedding. She lives with the everyday routine of cleaning the house and cooking pies for the family. This shows the stagnation of her everyday existence; an existence brought about by forty years of non- decision. Mother stays content with her shack. "She was a masterly keeper of her box of a house. Her one living room never seemed to have in it any of the dust which the friction of life with inanimate matter produces"(LACpg.284). This shows the lack of empowerment mother has at this time of the story. This state is partly due to the society—a time that was male dominated and discouraged the wife to speak out—and partly because mother just feel into a routine that included everything except her happiness. I felt that mother centered her life around providing for her family but forgot to look towards her own needs. She bakes pies, cooks dinner and it everything else except things that made her happy. Mother discovers disturbing news when she learns that her future house is giving way to Father's new barn. Mother would have probably let her dream die if it were not for a conversation with her daughter. Mother realizes that it's not just her happiness involved. This breach of contract now involved the happiness of the family. Mother does something that changes her state: she decides and acts on it. Many times our personal happiness takes a back seat in a busy world. I forget my own need sometimes just trying to please loved ones—mom, dad, mom, dad. Sometimes when someone else's happiness is in jeopardy I'm more inclined to act. Mother is ashamed that her daughter is going to be married in such a small, drafty house. "I want you to lo... ...gave Mrs. Penn a name— Sarah—in the end because she claims the god given right to be noticed and heard. Sarah Penn reminds me of another historical figure that forced a change—Mrs. Rosa Parks. Mrs. Rosa Parks decided that she was tired so she sat in the white section of the bus. Her decision to sit and her act of defiance forced us to re-evaluate Civil Rights. We were forced to know her name and realize her wrong. The power of acting out a decision gave Mrs. Rosa Parks a name and a voice that others rallied around to right a breach of contract. A decision that is made and acted upon has no other outcome but results. It forces a change to happen and sets us free from a circular trap of inaction and indecision. I decide tonight to break a cycle of indecision by calling someone. For an entire week I was thinking up reasons to call this person. For an entire week I was caught in indecision. In the middle of writing this paper, I decide to bite the bullet and call. Sure enough, I broke the cycle and received some results. The results raised some new problems—a decision of where to bring her for l unch. I will take this kind of decision over a week or wondering any day.

Plato and Aristotle: a Comparison

Plato and Aristotle are two of the earliest known thinkers in metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Although Aristotle was a student of Plato, the two had some very contrasting ideas.MetaphysicsPlato and Aristotle believed in the concept of forms, although they had different definitions of the concept. Plato's take on metaphysics can be labeled as dualism. Plato developed his ideas a priori; he formulated his own explanations of an ideal reality and applied them to the observable world.Reality had two levels for Plato: the level of the observable objects, and the level of forms (the ideal). The observable aspect of the world are but imperfect copies of the forms, and observable objects are impermanent, as opposed to forms, which are eternal. Plato's forms can be understood as blueprints that existed outside of the observable, and on which everything observable depends; thus these forms are more â€Å"real† than the observable. Plato uses analogies for this explanation; in his allegory of the cave, for example, lifetime immobile prisoners see only shadows on a cave wall and think that the shadows are the ultimate reality.Although it cannot be disputed that the shadows are â€Å"real,† it is the objects that are casting the shadows that are, in a sense, the true reality. Aside from the well-known allegory of the cave, Plato used a number of other metaphors to explain his metaphysical views, such as the metaphor of the sun, and the divided line.  Conversely, Aristotle developed his ideas a posteriori—by directly observing the world and then deriving â€Å"formulas† for this observable reality. His primary concern in this area was causality. Aristotle believed in only one level of reality, and he believed that form had no existence outside of physical, observable reality.Aristotle's concern on the relationship of form and matter led to his concepts of causality. He believed that there are four very basic causes that can be applied to anything: the Material cause, or, in Aristtle's words, â€Å"that out of which a thing comes to be, and which persists,† the formal cause, â€Å"the statement of essence† (which states that anything is determined by the definition or archetype), the Efficient cause,   (the primary source of change), and the Final cause, (the end, or the intent of an action).EpistemologyPlato's epistemology holds that all knowledge is innate, which means the process of learning is actually just a recollection of knowledge buried deep in the soul; Plato believed that before birth the soul had a perfect knowledge of everything. This is the basic precept of Plato's Theory of Ideas.  According to Plato, ideas are permanent and absolute. In Plato's view all human actions can be judged through the standard of these concrete and absolute ideas, but Aristotle refutes Plato's theory on the grounds that Plato's arguments are inconclusive—stating that Plato's arguments are not convincin g or lead to contradictory conclusions.Aristotle refutes Plato's claim that Ideas are absolute, perfect entities outside of human experience, but argues that, on the contrary, ideas exist in the mind alone and are simply duplicates or interpretations of things that are experienced. Aristotle claims that all standards are based on things that are first experienced.  Aristotle agreed with Plato's notion that the immaterial (form) and the material (matter) were distinctly separate entities; however, he states that forms (or ideas) exist in the mind and are dependent on the observer, and argues that Plato's theory of ideas goes by the incorrect premise of absolute universal definitions for material, observable things.EthicsPlato's ethics states that â€Å"good† is born of knowledge and â€Å"evil† is born of ignorance (lack of knowledge). Hence Plato argues that the path to a good life is purely intellectual.Plato's   absolutism dictates that there is only one right co urse of action, one that is true in every case and exists independent of human opinion or interpretation.  On the other hand Aristotle adopted a scientific, empirical approach to ethical problems. He believed that in order for human actions to be judged as moral or immoral, they must have a certain degree of health and wealth. Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge, like metaphysics and epistemology, but general knowledge.Also, Aristotle argued that the achievement of â€Å"good† must be a practical discipline, as opposed to Plato's heavily theoretical approach. He claimed that to become good cannot be achieved simply by studying virtue, but that one must practice virtue in everyday life. He called the   ultimate goal of this discipline the â€Å"Highest Good.†Ã‚  Also, for Aristotle the achievement of happiness was by application of the â€Å"golden mean†, which just means moderation in everyday life. Aristotle argued that happin ess could not be found only in pleasure, or only in fame and honor. He claims that happiness can be achieved through knowledge of humanity's specific purpose; that is, according to him, â€Å"by ascertaining the specific function of man.†PoliticsIn his political theories, Plato focused on formulating the perfect society by finding ways to cure humanity of its social and personal failures. Plato, in Republic, described the ideal government as having a philosopher-king as its leader, a king with a completely just soul who would thus be able to run a completely just government. Plato also argued that since he can imagine such a leader, than such a leader can exist.  Plato's utopia consists of three non-hereditary classes: Guardians, Auxiliaries, and Workers. The guardians are wise and good rulers and high-level civil servants, the auxiliaries soldiers and lower civil servants, and the workers composed of unskilled laborers.Unlike Plato, Aristotle was not concerned with the per fection of society, but simply its improvement, within what he believed were a more realistic context. Aristotle agreed that Plato's government, with its philosopher-king, would be ideal, but did not believe that such a person could exist, and thus dismissed the possibility that such a government could exist, and considers other systems that he believed are more realistic.  Plato's belief in this philosopher-king reflects his theories of knowledge, which have the a priori approach to reality. On the other hand, Aristotle bases his beliefs on the observable. And claims that since he has never encountered such a completely just man, he must discount that possibility of his existence.Aristotle argues that dividing society into distinct classes excludes men with ambition and wisdom but are not in the right class to hold political power. Another argument against Plato's class system is that guardians will, by nature of their work, be deprived of happiness, and such guardians will natur ally assume that the same strict lifestyle be imposed on all of society. Aristotle valued moderation more, in contrast to Plato's utopia, which carried expectations to such extremes that it was no longer realistic to Aristotle.Aristotle derived a theory of Democracy, where he puts emphasis on the polis, or city-state, which allows political participation by the average citizen. He claimed that â€Å"the people at large should be sovereign rather than the few best.† However, this is contrary to Plato's beliefs, who argues that the public's decisions would be based on mere belief and not fact.  Essentially, we can describe Plato as having been in pursuit of a philosophical, idealized truth, whereas Aristotle was concerned with the more worldly and realistic   concerns of the citizen and the government. Although they had widely divergent views, they had essentially the same goal of a better society.References:Silverman, A. (2003). Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Episte mology. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2003/entries/plato-metaphysics.Cohen, S. M. (2003). Aristotle's Metaphysics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition).Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2003/entries/aristotle-metaphysics.Frede, D. (2003). Plato's Ethics: An Overview. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2003 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from  Ã‚   http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2003/entries/plato-ethics.Kraut, R. (2005). Aristotle's Ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2005 Edition). Rerieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/aristotle-ethics.Miller, F. (2002). Aristotle's Political Theory. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2002 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from   http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002 /entries/aristotle-politics.Brown, E. (2003). Plato's Ethics and Politics in The Republic. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2003/entries/plato-ethics-politics.Aristotle. (2006, February). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle.Plato. (2006, February). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato.Platonic Epistemology. (2006, February). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved Ferruary 24, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_epistemology.Falcon, A. (2006). Aristotle on Causality. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2006 Edition). http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2006/entries/aristotle-causality.

Diversity Organization

It is visible to see that women have come a long way in our nation to now from the beginning of our construction. It was not easy, and many issues are still not completely solved, because of stereotypes and discrimination against women. Stereotypes such as â€Å"women are bad drivers† and â€Å"women should not be paid as much as men†. However, there are many organizations that have been founded and used to help in fighting against such discrimination, and help in supporting women in equal rights, in places, such as the workplace and society in general. When our country was first forming, women were unable to vote for a very long time after it was decided they could not. They also had were expected to play certain roles, such as staying at home to do the housework, take care of the children, clean, and cook. The strength of women â€Å"shined† through in the most visible way during WWII. Many women were obligated to maintain their usual roles, and do a lot of the work the men would be doing, because the men were away at war. Women were also not offered the educational benefits men were in our history also. It was pretty set in stone that the men were â€Å"the thinkers†, and that there was no need to educate women. It is much different now. Women are able to receive education just as easy as a man can, not to mention the laws that have been made to protect the equality rights of women and men. The roles in women have changed drastically. It is now â€Å"the norm† to see a woman with a career, and many that have families too. Many households now share all of the household responsibilities, and often time the finances too. However, not everyone agrees that this has been a positive step in our nation since the Civil Rights Act. Many people still believe a woman should stay home and continue the role that was planned for them in the first place. A major issue that raises these opinions is the amount of crime and problems our nation has with our youth. Many believe that this has increased because of the amount of time that is taken from parents and their children because of both parents working. The â€Å"male vs. female† concept is seen in today’s society has equal in most parts, but there will always be the differences in both. They are each different in anatomy and many mental factors. Our society and media base many things on sexuality and gender. For example, the body washes and bathroom line designed for men, called Axe shows images that â€Å"prove† to attract women to them because of their smell and good looks. People have been used as sex idols, both male and female, but the disrespect and objections that have been formed around women are at a higher risk. This type of advertisement promotes sexuality and creates more issues in equality and respect of both genders. Socially GLBT people have faced much discrimination throughout time. Much of this has to do with religion, and the belief that homosexuality is wrong. I believe historically it was not to be spoken of, and even homosexuals themselves would never â€Å"come out† about their sexuality, because of how negative society was about the issue. With this being said there were no studies or research being done about it for society to gain knowledge about the topic. Today GLBT people face discrimination, but have been given more rights. Many scientists and psychologists have also done a tremendous amount of studies and research on the topic, giving society more knowledge about them and their reason and choice of lifestyle. Religion is the main barrier now between society and GLBT people. Even though there have been laws that reserve the rights of GLBT people, many people will not â€Å"budge† in their opinion on the topic, because in most religions it is considered a sin. This makes it hard for society to want to reserve certain rights for them, such as marriage. However, throughout time there has been much change in many people’s opinions, because of knowledge in diversity, science, and psychology. They have more welcoming atmospheres than they did in the past. For example, in Chicago there is an annual â€Å"Gay Pride Parade† that invites people to support the rights of homosexuals. Workplaces have been more acceptable also, not only because of laws, but also, because they are more familiar with the topic due to the knowledge provided today through media, school, and our communities. It is a more open topic, and even though it is not approved of by many people, it is being more accepted. The main issue that GLBT people are dealing with and fighting for today is the right to be married to another person of the same sex. For laws to be passed, citizens must vote for them, and many people still do not believe it should be allowed. However, there are some states that have made it legal. With diversity and knowledge our country can improve these attitudes and opinions about equality in women and GLBT people of our nation. Our nation has come a long way, especially for how young we are. Our human service organizations and law can be of the most aid in solving these issues. There has been a lot of damage in equality throughout our history, and unfortunately some will never be solved because of the believes that have been taught and practiced for many years. However, our Constitution and many laws give society the chance to fight against non-equal acts and rights as an American citizen.

The number of children diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder The WritePass Journal

The number of children diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder INTRODUCTION The number of children diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder INTRODUCTIONAIMS AND OBJECTIVES  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   RESEARCH AIMS RESEARCH QUESTIONSLITERATURE  REVIEW UNDERSTANDING OCDOCD UK STATISTICSCOMPARISON OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS LIVING WITH OCD RESEARCH METHODOLOGYCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONREFERENCESRelated INTRODUCTION Daily, the number of children diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is on the increase. OCD has been shown to affect at least 2% of young people (OCF 2009).   As defined by the NHS clinical guide 2005, â€Å"obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by the presence of either obsessions or compulsions and most commonly both† The NHS further describe an obsession as any thoughts, imagery or urge which is unwanted and intrusive, repeatedly bogging someone’s mind. Also compulsion, are behaviors or mental activities repetitive in nature which a person feels need or is driven to perform. These definitions embody the reality encompassing people suffering with OCD. The symptoms which cause significant functional impairment and distress coupled with the fact that it can either be overt and observable by others (for example, checking that a door is locked repeatedly) or covert mental act like repeating a particular phrase in ones mind tend to affect suff erers, physically, psychologically, socially and academically as would be expounded in this study. Obsessions or compulsions can negatively impact on the lives of young people within their family environment, school and with friends. Nearly all children have little worries or fears as a normal part of growing up (Pridmore, 2010). This then makes OCD in children difficult to diagnose thus removing early identification and treatment in effect leading to a more developed situation in adult hood. Research into the early diagnosis forms the crux of this study. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   RESEARCH AIMS This research is aimed at scaling more light on ways of early detection of OCD in children with a view to early diagnosis and early treatment by way of research to investigate the relationship between OCD in children, adolescents and adult, thus ensuring translating the cognitive processing of threat across age groups, magnitude of symptom and how this is usually shown by sufferers with age. Furthermore it also aims to add knowledge to what is currently known about the import of age on OCD and the best approach in detecting and treating OCD early in life. OBJECTIVES Interpret how OCD symptoms begin and are displayed across age groups. Assess level of symptom in sufferers across different age groups. Analyze critically the best practice for early detection and best approach to treatment. Make recommendation based on research finding into OCD across varied age groups. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Important to this research are the following questions, which make up the body of the research: How are the symptoms of OCD exhibited in children? What role does age play in the repression or otherwise of OCD in children? How does comparism of OCD symptoms across age groups affect current knowledge of OCD in Children? What conditions affect the repression of OCD symptoms across the test age groups? Can the success of repression across any of the age groups be used as tool to treat OCD in children? These questions would form the building blocks of the research, as the findings would formulate points of discussion. LITERATURE  REVIEW UNDERSTANDING OCD Previously, OCD was thought to be a rare psychiatric illness (Paige, 2007), however, research into the causes and symptoms into the condition, points out that the condition or disorder clearly characterized by cycles of obsessions and ‘rituals’ or compulsions causing extreme malfunction, fear and distress to its sufferers. It is proposed and more likely that in the near distant future, OCD would be grouped in a field of disorders with various treatments. The proposed OC spectrum disorders might include OCD, body dysmorphic disorder (Bjornsson et al, 2010), hoarding (Pertusa et al, 2010), pathological gambling (Black et al, 2010), certain eating disorders, and autism. The current position of OCD differs in the two major diagnostic systems. OCD is perceived as an anxiety disorder In the DSM-IV, while ICD-10 lists it as an entity, which is separate from the anxiety, disorders. As stated above, proposals for the removal of OCD from the anxiety disorders and placed in an independent grouping of â€Å"OC spectrum disorders† is currently under discussion (Bartz Hollander, 2006). OCD is yet to be fully understood thus various theories flourish which link it to different conditions such as a connection to disgust which is a basic human emotion, which may have an evolutionary function that encourages the avoidance of contamination and disease. Husted et al, (2006), explained that functional imaging indicates that the neurocircuitry of OCD and disgust are similar conceiving OCD as a malfunction in an appraisal process. This would fit with OCD in which there are contamination concerns. However, this ideology does not tally with another theory that observes indecision as a feature of OCD and proposes the disorder is a result of disturbed decision-making strategies, which has been discussed by (Sachdev, et al, 2005). In another instance, functional imaging supports the theory that decision making involves the dorsolateral, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices (CHANGE THE WORDS) which interact with limbic structures to retain memory of emotional rewards, an d the basal ganglia which is involved in behavioral execution, the same structures that appear to be involved in OCD. These are shrouded with other theories that include â€Å"not just right experiences† (Coles et al, 2010), inability to terminate improbable but grave danger concerns (Woody and Szechtman, 2010) and â€Å"an inflated sense of responsibility† (Smari et al, 2010) OCD involves obsession that are involuntary, leading up to thoughts that are unwanted and recurring result in feelings of anxiety and many at times dread hence they are not simply cases of meticulousness or over worry. There tend to be much worse, they make the sufferer seem irrational, interfere with normal thinking and are time consuming in some cases taking up to two hours per day (Fruehling J, 1999). They compel sufferers to make repeated attempts to try and control arising obsessive thoughts all to no avail. The ‘rituals’ performed by sufferers tend to bring temporary relief from the anxiety brought about by the thoughts as there exist a clear the relationship between most obsessions and the compulsions that follow. for example, contamination and washing. Sometimes the opposite is the case as not clear relationship can be attributed to (WHAT)for example, counting behaviors in a bid to prevent harm to others (Paige, 2007). The symptoms of OCD have been shown to grow stronger over time in cases where certain performed compulsions appear less effective in bringing relief. More elaborate measures could be taken to provide a sense of relief effectively ensuring that these become time consuming and thus interfering with everyday functioning. There have been cases of delayed indulgence so as not to appear abnormal socially, but this is nearly very difficult and the urge to perform the rituals always tends to grow. For example, students who tend to and are able to delay their compulsions while in class often tend to go to private places later on to perform set rituals during school hours. The concept of delusion cannot be attributed to sufferers of OCD, more adult sufferers often tend to recognize that such thoughts and behaviors that follow are unreasonable, however, that lack the will or ability to control them. In the face of illness or stress, OCD symptoms worsen. The causes of OCD border around three major areas, psychological, biological and the roles of neurotransmitters. Biologically Studies have linked patients with childhood onset OCD to first-degree relatives, than among patients with later onsets to first-degree relatives (Starcevic, 2005). However, statistical inconsistencies have been shown to exist among twins demonstrating a higher concordance among dizygotic pairs. Upon statistical analysis further more, Grootheest et al, 2005 explained that if a dimensional approach is employed, studies amongst twins suggest heritability of obsessive compulsive symptoms. Early onset of OCD is traceable to strong genetical contributions however, this is not definitive (Pridmore, 2010). Role of Transmitters In another study, neurological images implicate disturbances in pathways between the cerebral cortex and thalamus as pathogenesis of obsessions while pathogenesis of compulsion along with repetitive motor acts results from abnormalities in the striatum (Insel, 1992). When comparing sufferers of OCD and other anxiety disorders, Ruda et al, (2010) observed common and distinct neural substrates as both showed a decreased level of bilateral grey matter volume in the brain. OCD like disorders caused by childhood streptococcal infections has been termed Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections. It has been observed that a large percentage of children who have suffered this complication of rheumatic fever have antibodies directed against the caudate (Swedo et al, 1994). Psychologically – OCD are shown by the symptoms explained upon earlier in this study. OCD UK STATISTICS Torres et al reported in 2006 that the survey of British National Psychiatric Morbidity revealed the prevalence within the general population of OCD was 1.1%. The same statistics also showed that the percentage decreased with increasing age (1.4% within 16-26years and 0.2% within 65-74 years). These statistics also revealed that the condition was slightly higher in females than males. Amongst sufferers of the condition, it has been identified that 55% suffer from only obsessions while 11% have only compulsions with 34% having both obsessions and compulsions (Pridmore, 2010). Further statistics show that 62% patients suffer from mental disorder in particular depression and anxiety, with 20% having alcohol dependence, 13% on drug dependence and 25% with a history of attempted suicide. The above statistics points to the prevalence of OCD in children who very often are ignorant of the existence of the condition and or where conscious are often very afraid to inform parents. In a 9 year s urvey where 142 adolescents and children where followed, Heyman et al, 2010 revealed that 41% of this population had persistent OCD, a very considerable number of those without the condition showed signs of other psychiatric conditions. This reveals that OCD is a chronic disorder amongst the younger generation with a guided prognosis. CHILDREN LIVING WITH OCD Childhood onset of OCD may result in children demonstrating washing; checking rituals, and preoccupation with disease, danger, and doubts inter alia   (Swedo et al 1989), with an approximate 2%–3% of people (including adolescents) having OCD. Notwithstanding this may be an underestimate because many symptoms are kept secret, OCD can emerge as early as preschool. During puberty and early adulthood, the number of children who develop the disorder peaks (National Institutes of Mental Health, Pediatric Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder Research, 2006). Studies by Paige, 2007 show that one-third of adults have OCD developed from childhood. As stated earlier, children and adolescents often tend to hide the symptoms of OCD for fear of being tagged ‘crazy or weird’ this often takes its toll on the severity of the condition in sufferers later on in life. The stigma often associated with OCD come to the full understanding of most adolescents who go through extreme lengths to avoid showing the symptoms. These steps could see them seek ways to avoid situations, which tend to trigger symptoms or young sufferers become clever in devising explanations for their behaviors. Snider et al, 2000 preach that compulsive behavior begins very often gradually and the trend is inadvertently supported by unsuspecting parents at the outset, for example, in cases where children and adolescents show rituals or compulsions that tend to be developmentally appropriate such as wearing a lucky shirt to a game or lining up stuffed animals in a particular way or show healthy behavior such as appear healthy washing of hands after bathroom use, parents may not initially be concerned by such OCD symptoms thus resulting in not seeking medical treatment at the outset until behaviors have become disruptive. Study by Zohar (1999) reveal that following childhood onset, OCD has a complete remission rate of 10 to 50 percent by late adolescence and without treatment tends to become chronic affecting normal function adversely. Considerable effects on adolescents include decreased performance qualities, impaired relationships, depression, problems associated with poor academic performance and so on (Paige, 2004). Expounding further on the effect of OCD on child or adolescent school performance, OCD often at times has a considerable and significant effect on child or adolescent learning; this tends to worsen if left untreated at the earlier stages. Academic problems associated with OCD in children or adolescent include poor attendance often similar to school avoidance, perceived weird behavior as young sufferers tend to avoid situations and places that increase obsessive thoughts as they may spend more time in secret places where rituals or compulsions are performed, this often results in increased social isolation and missed learning. Other problems may include loss of concentration, which is similar to symptoms associated with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) as a dir ect result of obsessive. The consequences of such behaviors often result in victimization or bullying of students suffering from OCD while obsessive thoughts create social problems. COMPARISON OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS LIVING WITH OCD In a study to unearth the developmental differences in the cognitive processing of threat across children, adolescent and adult groups of individual sufferers of OCD by Farrell et al in 2006, some evidence showed that age accounted for differences in the cognitive processing of threat associated with OCD. As this study was the first to examine this relationship, it demonstrated that children suffering from OCD experienced lower anxious and intrusive thoughts in direct comparism to both adolescents and adults. Children experienced lower levels of sadness, worry, disapproval and removal strategies associated with OCD as determined by Farrell et al, (2006) when compared to adolescents and adults. The research also pointed that the intrusive and depressive thoughts experienced by children with OCD was less distressing and less difficult to resist in comparison to the other two groups. These finding where consistent with reports by Salkovskis (1985, 1989) and others (Freeston et al., 1996 ; Rachman, 1993). Similar results were obtained when responsibility was the factor being tested for. The results showed that children report significantly less responsibility on a self-report responsibility attitude measurement in comparison to the other two groups. This suggested effectively that by adolescent, sufferers ten to have increased attitudes regarding personal blame for harm as is also in the case of adults suffering with OCD. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The cognitive theory of OCD has in the past been heralded as the most widely accepted account of maintenance of the disorder in adults however; it remained to be seen if evaluation across children, adolescent and adult comparison portends any trend. To this end, research was undertaken to investigate developmental differences in symptoms displayed by OCD sufferers across the age range, the results obtained demonstrated that symptoms evinced increased across the grouping (children – adolescent adult). This therefore suggests adoption of strategies for treatment of the condition. Importance is placed of the early discovery of the condition in an individual so as to ensure that whatever treatment is required is provided to stem increased conditions as the individual matures. Furthermore, in managing and ensuring recovery from OCD, early identification and requisite treatment remain imperative. Various strategies to manage and control the condition amongst children within the sch ool environment and at home have to be employed. At schools, staff should be alert as to the symptoms of the disorder in any pupil and to achieve this there is need for adequate enlightenment of staff about the disorder. Advice should the sought from the school counselor as unexplained agitation in pupil, prolonged and or frequent absence from class etc could be pointers to the condition in a pupil. Also, indirect observation such as raw or bleeding hands could give required clues. Stigmatization should also be eliminated. Conclusively, parental involvement remains utmost in the management and recovery process. Some parents may require education on how to identify and support children suffering with OCD. More research is required to fully grasp the role of responsibility, life experiences and exposures on the display and repression of OCD symptoms. This research study however, recommends a more details research into the symptoms showed by sufferers across different age groups and the roles which various factors would play. REFERENCES Bartz J., and Hollander E., (2006) ‘Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder?’ Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 30. pp. 338-352. Bjornsson A, Didie E, Phillips K., (2010) ‘Body dysmorphic disorder’ Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 12, pp. 221-232. Coles M., Heimberg R., Frost R., and Steketee G., (2005) ‘Not just right experiences and obsessive compulsive features: experimental and self-monitoring perspectives’ Behavior Research and Therapy, vol. 43, pp. 153-167. Freeston, M. H., Rheaume, J., Ladouceur, R. (1996) ‘Correcting faulty appraisals of obsessional thoughts’ Behaviour, Research and Therapy, vol. 34, pp. 433–446. Insel T., (1995) ‘Toward a neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder’ Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 49, pp. 739-744. National Institutes of Mental Health, Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Research. (2006) FAQs about OCD. Retreived May 31, 2007, from http://intramural.nimh.nih.gov/pocd/ pocd-faqs.htm#FAQ-1 National Health Scheme NHS (2005) ‘Obsessive-compulsive disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder: core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder’ National Institute for health and clinical excellence. www.nice.org.uk. Obsessive Compulsive Foundation (OCF) (1999) ‘OCD in Children’ Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation. (2006) ‘What is OCD?’ Retreived June 1, 2007, from www.ocfoundation.org/what-is-ocd.html Paige L. Z., (2004) ‘Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Information for parents and educators’ In Canter, A. S., Paige, L. Z., Roth, M. D., Romero, I., Carroll, S. A. (Eds.), Helping children at home and school II: Handouts for families and educators. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists. Pertusa A, Frost R, Mataix-Cols D., (2010) ‘When hoarding is a symptom of OCD: a case series and implications for DSM-V. Behavioral Research and Therapy 2010; in press. Pridmore S., (2010) ‘OCD – download of Psyciatry’ Chapter 13 Rachman S., (1993) ‘Obsessions, responsibility, and guilt. Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 31, pp. 149–154. Radua J., van den Heuvel O., Surguladaze S., and Mataix-Cols D., (2010) ‘Meta-analytical; comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders’ Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 67, pp. 701-711. Smari J, (2010) ‘Pathways to inflated responsibility beliefs, responsibility attitudes and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: factor structure and test of mediational model’ Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, vol 38, pp. 535-544. Snider L. A., and Swedo S. E., (2000) ‘Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 284, pp. 3104–3106. Starcevic V., (2005) ‘Anxiety Disorders in Adults’ Oxford University Press: Oxford. 2005. Swedo S. E., Rapoport J. L., Leonard H. L., Lenane M., and Cheslow D., (1989) ‘Obsessivecompulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 46, pp. 335–341. Salkovskis P. M., (1985) ‘Obsessional compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis’ Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 23, pp. 571–583. Salkovskis, P. M. (1989) ‘Cognitive behavioural factors and the persistence of intrusive thoughts in obsessional problems’ Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol. 27, pp. 677–682. Zohar A. H., (1999) ‘The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents’ Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 8, pp. 445–460.

Meaning of Over There, The Famous World War I Song

Meaning of Over There, The Famous World War I Song The song Over There was one of the most famous songs of World War I. Over There proved to be an inspiration both to the young men who were being sent to fight the war as well as to those on the home front who worried about their loved ones. The Meaning Behind the Lyrics On the morning of April 6, 1917, newspaper headlines across America announced the news that the United States had declared war on Germany. While most people who read the newspaper headlines that morning tried to comprehend how their lives were going to change, one man started humming. That may seem like an odd reaction to most people, but not for George M. Cohan. George Cohan was an actor, singer, dancer, songwriter, playwright, and Broadway producer who had composed hundreds of songs, including such famous songs as â€Å"Youre a Grand Old Flag,† â€Å"Marys a Grand Old Name,† Lifes a Funny Proposition After All, â€Å"Give My Regards to Broadway,† and â€Å"Im a Yankee Doodle Dandy.† So it is perhaps not completely surprising that Cohans reaction to reading the headlines that morning was to hum, but few might have expected Cohans humming to be the start of a very popular song. Cohan continued to hum all morning and soon began to compose a few lyrics. By the time Cohan arrived at work that morning, he already had the verses, chorus, tune, and title of what became the very popular Over There. Over There was an instant success, selling over 2 million copies by the end of the war. Perhaps the most popular version of Over There was sung by Nora Bayes, but Enrico Caruso and Billy Murray sang beautiful renditions as well. The song Over There is about the Yanks (the Americans) going over there (across the Atlantic) to help fight the Huns (what the Americans called the Germans at the time) during World War I. In 1936, Cohan was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for writing the song, and it experienced a revival in World War II when the United States again faced Germany in war. Lyrics to Over There Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gunTake it on the run, on the run, on the runHear them calling you and meEvery son of liberty Hurry right away, no delay, go todayMake your daddy glad to have had such a ladTell your sweetheart not to pineTo be proud her boys in line. CHORUS (repeated twice):Over there, over thereSend the word, send the word over thereThat the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are comingThe drums are rum-tumming everywhere So prepare, say a prayerSend the word, send the word to bewareWell be over there, were coming overAnd we wont come back till its over over there.Over there. Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gunJohnnie show the Hun youre a son of a gunHoist the flag and let her flyYankee Doodle do or die Pack your little kit, show your grit, do your bitYankees to the ranks from the towns and the tanksMake your mother proud of youAnd the old Red White and Blue. CHORUS (repeated twice):Over there, over thereSend the word, send the word over thereThat the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are comingThe drums are rum-tumming everywhere So prepare, say a prayerSend the word, send the word to bewareWell be over there, were coming overAnd we wont come back till its over over there.Over there.

How Could Leader Be Strategic Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Could Leader Be Strategic - Term Paper Example The employees of the company are their most precious asset so in order to get the employees in the right direction, making sure they adapt change and they work as per the strategies designed by the leader, leader needs to be not only strategic but also tactful. A strategic leader can not only help companies in achieving its objective but the leader can also create a competitive advantage. We will start by analyzing what is a strategic leader, followed by who should be a strategic leader? , When is the best time to become a strategic leader? , Where should strategic leadership be developed? And then finally, How can we develop strategic leadership?  Ã‚   Strategic leader is someone who can make realistic strategies for the company and who has an ability to influence others and make other believe in his vision and strategies. The strategy he needs to come up should be innovative, practical and should be one which leads in getting company a competitive advantage (Forbes, 2005). It is crucial to make sure that everyone in the organization is trained in such a way that they all become potential leaders. Information should not only stay in the upper rank but also be discussed in the middle and lower rank so everyone gets a chance to present their abilities well (Gilmore, 2007). Everyone in the organization needs to keep one important aspect in mind, that is to create opportunities and then also to utilize the opportunities in the best way possible. So whenever there is an opportunity people with potential should come forward to present their ideas and strategies as opportunity would knock your door only once and there is hardly a second chance. Strategic leaders are an integral requirement of all the organization in today’s world that is the reason why companies invest a lot in making strategic leaders. The most important thing which the leader needs to keep in mind is the self believe and self confidence which the leader have in himself. Some important trai ts include not only knowing and dealing with his/her work area but also being well aware of the surroundings and the business unit on the whole. Realizing importance of good relationship is clear and vital for a good leader as the businesses are interconnected and leader needs to deal with not only the employees but also with the vendors as supply chain management is a very crucial factor, following stakeholders and even competitors. Short term and long term goals are important so strategies should be made accordingly. Cost reduction is a very important factor so the leader needs to have good cost management skills and overall good leadership skills also on a personal level in order to deal well with the co workers. Leader not only needs to have knowledge and skill set which is restricted to him/her self but he should also transfer knowledge to others and then later on the transferred information and personal information can be combined in order to generate best strategies for the c ompany. Using their process we can create an environment of strategic leaders that team up and are committed to create a sustainable competitive advantage (Forbes, 2005). A leader needs to think about the organization in terms of its asset management, they need to think of a bright and successful future for themselves and also for their associates. Corporate social responsibility of the leader also plays a pivotal role here as the leader needs

Genetic Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Genetic Engineering - Essay Example As an initial matter it is necessary to define what is meant by genetic engineering. This process is known by many terms, such as genetic engineering, genetic modification, and the splicing of genes. Generally speaking, genetic engineering is the manipulation of genes outside of the reproductive process. It is more accurate to refer to this type of endeavor as a collective set of processes; indeed, as stated by the Union of Concerned Scientists, â€Å"genetic engineering refers to a set of technologies that are being used to change the genetic makeup of cells and move genes across species boundaries to produce novel organisms. The techniques involve highly sophisticated manipulations of genetic material and other biologically important chemicals† (â€Å"What is Genetic Engineering?†, 2005: np). In short, genetic engineering is comprised of a wide array of separate processes designed to manipulate genes for specific purposes. Genes determine an organism’s traits and characteristics. These processes, therefore, refer to the transfer and the manipulation of genes in an effort to create new traits, to emphasize certain traits, and to eliminate negative traits. These types of changes do not occur naturally; quite the contrary, they are created by human beings. These processes can be broken down into separate sub-processes of isolating a gene, manipulating that gene, and the reintroduction of new DNA into a cell in order to generate new traits. In sum, genetic engineering is the manipulation of the basic building blocks of an organism in order to create a new organism or an organism with particular traits. The designs transmitted through reproduction can thereby be studied and changed to accomplish a variety of purposes. This is, to be sure, an area which has generated much enthusiasm and much fear. The excitement generated by advances in genetic engineering is pervasive. Indeed, as stated by Curran, genetic engineering raises issues of