Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Ectothermic Animals
Ectothermic Animals An ectothermic animal, also commonly known as a cold-blooded animal, is one who cannot regulate its own body temperature, so its body temperature fluctuates according to its surroundings. The term ectotherm comes from the Greek ektos, meaning outside, and thermos, which means heat. While common colloquially, the term cold-blooded is misleading because ectotherms blood isnt actually cold. Rather, ectotherms rely on external or outside sources to regulate their body heat. Examples of ectotherms include reptiles, amphibians, crabs, and fish. Ectothermic Heating and Cooling Many ectotherms live in environments where very little regulation is needed, like the ocean, because the ambient temperature tends to stay the same. When necessary, crabs and other ocean-dwelling ectotherms will migrate toward preferred temperatures. Ectotherms who live mainly on land will use basking in the sun or cooling off in the shade to regulate their temperature. Some insects use the vibration of the muscles that control their wings to warm themselves without actually flapping their wings. Due to ectotherms dependence on environmental conditions, many are sluggish during the night and early in the morning. Many ectotherms need to heat up before they can become active. Ectotherms in the Winter During the winter months or when food is scarce, many ectotherms enter torpor, a state where their metabolism slows or stops. Torpor is basically a short-term hibernation, which might last from a few hours to overnight. The metabolic rate for torpid animals can decrease up to 95 percent of its resting rate. Ectotherms can also hibernate, which can occur for a season and for some species like the burrowing frog, for years. The metabolic rate for hibernating ectotherms falls to between one and two percent of the animals resting rate. Tropical lizards have not adapted to cold weather so they do not hibernate.
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research Paper
Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research Paper For an elite athlete winning is the drug of choice. Being the best however is addictive and can lead some to take performance-enhancing drugs. Sport being the business of athletes is defined as ‘conforming to set of rules for the activity while aiming to achieve excellence,’ with one of the universal ‘rules’ being the prohibition of performance-enhancing drugs, and with good reason. Doping, the colloquial term for athletes taking such drugs, is banned as it creates an uneven playing field. Doping is also quite dangerous to an athlete’s long-term health. Performance-enhancing drugs need to therefore remain banned in sport to keep the playing field level and also for the future health of athletes. Different performance-enhancing drugs cater for different purposes, as do drugs used medicinally. There are a whole range of different drugs existing for those wanting to improve their performance by increasing muscle mass and strength, increasing delivery of oxygen to tissues, masking pain, stimulating the body, relaxing, reducing weight or even masking the usage of other drugs. Despite some drugs providing the possibility of a higher level of competition, most drugs are banned outright at elite levels unless a legitimate clinical reason exists. On the surface performance-enhancing drugs simply assist and benefit the physical performance of athletes. By looking deeper it is clear that every drug has its downfall. Amphetamines for example act as a stimulant enabling athletes to stay alert longer, minimise fatigue and maintain aggressiveness. They work by making the heartbeat faster, the lungs breathe faster and the brain think faster. The negative side of this is that while the body is working at a faster rate, it is under a much higher level of stress. As a result, athletes may suffer nervousness, high blood pressure or convulsions. In extreme cases sudden death is also a possibility. Amphetamines overload the body, making it work unnaturally fast, and in some cases it is found the body is simply unable to cope. Similar dangers exist with athletes taking drugs to increase oxygen flow to tissues. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a popular drug exemplifying this. A naturally occurring protein hormone, EPO is made by the kidneys in low oxygen conditions. It acts by stimulating bone marrow cells to make more red blood cells, effectively increasing the delivery of oxygen to the kidneys. Theoretically EPO sounds beneficial to athletes, particularly endurance athletes, but once again places extra strain on the body. By increasing the production of red-blood cells EPO thickens the blood, forcing the heart to work harder. Use of EPO as a performance-enhancing drug can be linked to an increased likelihood of heart attack or stroke. Amphetamines and EPO are both a real threat to the legitimacy of athletic competition and the long-term health of the athletes themselves. They are not however very publicly well known. Androgen-anabolic steroids or AAS are by far the most infamous performance-enhancing drug. Derived from testosterone, steroids are notorious for their muscle building capabilities. They work by enhancing the transcription of specific genes. They act by binding with the androgen receptor within a cell. The complex is then translocated into the nucleus before binding with the DNA. The mRNA is then processed with an increased protein synthesis. The major anabolic affect of steroids, attractive to strength or power athletes, is an increased muscle fibre area. To achieve such effect however athletes must combine steroid use with strength training. Contrary to popular belief, steroid use on its own has a limited impact. Androgenic or negative effects of steroids are many. In both sexes jaundice and liver damage is common due to an increased metabolic load. Other side affects include fluid retention and high blood pressure. In males, increased levels of testosterone can act as negative feedback to the pituitary gland, decreasing spermatogenesis, natural testosterone and the luteinizing hormone. Males also experience baldness, gynecomastia and infertility. In females, steroid use can cause growth of facial hair, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, breast atrophy and a thickening of the vocal chords (deepening the voice). Steroids also negatively affect the mental state of both genders and can lead to increased aggression, psychosis or depression. Comparing the anabolic to androgenic effects of steroids, it is surprising that athletes are still prepared to risk their health by taking steroids. The ends justifying the means, is a possible reason for athletes to take drugs, despite all the ready information on the dangers of drugs. An elite athlete is driven to win by a number of driving forces. A passion for their sport and a competitive spirit may be the initial motivating reason behind competing. Further down the track, the lure of prize money and lucrative sponsorship deals generally play a part. In some cases, the lure of fame and fortune become to strong, or too addictive, and athletes find themselves turning to illegal substances to get over the line. By investigating just three specific performance-enhancing drugs; amphetamines, EPO and steroids, it is clear that in general they impose dangerous long-term health risks. Drugs in sport however are not simply a biological dilemma. Ethics come into play where some believe that it is an athlete’s prerogative to choose whether or not they take drugs. But is it? As soon as one drug cheat enters the sporting arena all ‘clean’ athletes are immediately disadvantaged. Clean athletes are thus left in the position that they too must take drugs to remain competitive. To keep competition legitimate athletes must therefore take an ‘all for one and one for all’ stance on maintaining anti-doping laws. If the long-term health dangers are not succinct enough to prevent them from taking drugs, the impact it can have on their credibility should be. Professional sport needs to uphold its anti-doping laws or risk becoming a sad spectacle of simply who can pop the most pills. There are many substitutes to drug taking that athletes can employ to increase their performance. Diet, medicine, technology and coaching, already provide athletes with advantages, without endangering their long-term health. If nations or institutions wish to invest in sports sciences it should be to help athletes reach their individual peak physical condition, rather than push them beyond their natural limitations. Performance-enhancing drugs are dangerous to sport in reference to both health and reputation and therefore must remain banned. Bibliography http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Sports debatabase.org/details_print.asp?topicID=28 www.ausport.gov.au/asda http://espn.go.com/special/s/drugsandsports/steroids.html www.musclebuilder.com/ drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/messagesteroids305.html http://muscle.ucsd.edu/musintro/steroids.shtml http://muscle.ucsd.edu/musintro/stereff.shtml#anabolic http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test1.htm http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test3.htm http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test6.htm http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test7.htm Research Papers on Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research PaperThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic EngineeringTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Hockey Game
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Immigration Policies in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Immigration Policies in the USA - Essay Example Policies throughout the years are at constant change, especially when they need to adapt to ever-changing matters like demographic impact on a society, ideological shift or even immigration issues. The progress of the policy change regarding immigration in the U.S. went through three phases. The first one was ‘the laissez-faire’; the second was ‘the qualitative restriction’ and the final phase ‘the quantitative restriction’ . Policy-makers went through these varies stages to accommodate foreign immigrants, while maintaining the native-born American identity. This finally poses the question; in how far has the issue of contemporary immigration in the U.S. affected the policy making and the American society? Moreover, it will answer the question of whether rights and liberties have been infringed upon, due to the current or altering immigration policies. This paper will also shed light on the fairness of the passed legislations to deal with the issue at hand. Additionally, it will expound whether features of American politics will hinder or expedite changes to the issue at hand. Finally, the paper will conclude on how far the contemporary immigration issue in the U.S. has affected both policymaking and society. American experience has been overspread by the culture of immigration ever since the first European settlers set foot in North America. Immigration is indeed a chain that ties many of the values that unite Americans. Not only is the vision of the U.S role in the world designed by immigration but it also trickles our view of human nature. A phenomenon that â€Å"will construct a new race, a new religion, a new state, a new literature†in the United States was seen by Ralph Waldo Emerson. The concerns about ethnic relations, the environment, social services, economy & other issues have been jostled by the sentiments evoked in the public policy arena by the idealism that surrounds the immigration. The debate over immigration has been expanded in the recent years, in order to broaden the range of foreign policy issues. The world refugee crisis, human rights, international trade, Latin America and the national security are the features of argument on U.S. It is crucial for American s to have an understanding of the issues that concern the long term goals for immigration policy, as per Congressional representatives debate for reform for current immigration law proposes. Issues related to border control, law enforcement and undocumented workers are current the primary focus of the existing proposals. Other issues such as human rights, the economy and the environment and security are the additional concerns raises by the proposed legislative policies. The age of a large amount of non-Europeans migrating to the United States is known as contemporary immigration, it hastened in the end of 1960s to the middle of 1970s after a prolonged interruption of constrained immigration. 1.6 million formerly unauthorized aliens and 1.1 million Special Agricultural Workers1 (SAW) were granted permanent resident status with a total of 17.1 million immigrants admitted in the United States between 1971 and 1995 under the provisions of Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986( her eafter IRCA). Contemporary immigration was as high as it has been in the first quarter of the century, which has been 17.2 million between 1901 and 1925. This was the time immigration was at its peak. The annual admission trends in both the peak periods show a very different trend, despite the similarity in numbers in both the time periods. With a number of obvious ebbs and movements the figure of annual admission
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Stopping the Sprawl at HP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Stopping the Sprawl at HP - Essay Example He is actually pushing for major changes that would result in the scrapping of thousands of smaller projects at the decentralized company to focus on a few corporate wide initiatives as well as scraping off more than 700 isolated databases. These would then be merged into one company data ware house that would effectively alter the structure of the company and its operations. In fact, all the company information would be processed from one system which would be more efficient. The makeover would have more positive impact than any other HP advertising campaign. If successful, this would reduce HP’s annual spending on technology by about half. It will give impetus on HP especially on how to capitalize on its vast product breadth where the company has been operating like a large conglomerate of separate companies instead of one entity. In brief he is trying to integrate all the information about HP into one big single entity that would make it relatively easy to measure performance. However, all these initiatives would have an impact especially on structure of HP. The $1 billion data warehouse initiative would see the possible laying off of thousands of workers as the improved system would be manageable by few people from centralised control points. Indeed this would improve efficiency and accuracy of data but the company structure would require less staff. Basically, from the outlined endeavors above, Mott is trying to make IT take root in the company’s culture which has been resistant to technological changes such as centralised control. The ultimate purpose is to make sure that all HP’s businesses are working from one set of data that would make it easy to monitor and check progress as well as making fast, informed decisions. 2. The culture of HP has been firmly embedded in their traditional way of doing things such as operating from decentralized operating
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Psychological Abuse Essay Example for Free
Psychological Abuse Essay Psychological abuse refers to â€Å"abuse that damages the psyche, or the mind. Psychological abuse happens when one person attempts to gain power and control over another.†It involves the deliberate infliction of pain or anguish to another person through verbal or nonverbal conduct designed to humiliate or threaten another person (National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse). Psychological abuse if quite prevalent in the United States. Most of its victims are women. Indeed, it is estimated that about 1.5 million women get psychologically abused each year. Psychological abuse often leads to physical abuse, as well as domination of the relationship and isolation from friends and family (PsychAbuse.info, 2006).            Psychological abuse is dangerous because it poses many risks on the victim, such as acute stress, post traumatic stress disorder, and depression (PsychAbuse.info, 2006). The many documented effects of psychological maltreatment include: Other possible consequences of psychological abuse are emotional instability, low social competency, anxiety, and low academic achievement (Canadian Health Network, 2004).            Given the effects and signs of psychological abuse, the common victims are those who have no emotional or social support from family and friends. On the other hand, people who often have contact with vulnerable people are sometimes the ones who perpetrate psychological abuse. This group may include caregivers and even family members of the victim (National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse).            One important issue on psychological abuse involves neglect, particularly on children. Neglect involves the omission of protection and care needed by a child, which could lead to adverse consequences such as juvenile delinquency, aggressive behavior, and child deaths (Canadian Health Network, 2004). In this connection, the fact that many children become victims of psychological abuse is a very alarming issue, particularly because of the tender age of the victims. Moreover, it is observed that may victims of child psychological abuse are emotionally disturbed, mentally retarded, or physically handicapped, although the onset of these conditions may differ as to time (Wall, 1975).            Another important issue with psychological abuse is the fact that it is believed to be the â€Å"most under-reported form of abuse.†Thus, the prevalence rates reported periodically may not be accurate since they only include those incidences that have been reported (Canadian Health Network, 2004).            Another critical issue on psychological abuse is its pervasiveness in dating relationships. It is estimated that abuse during the courtship ranges from 20 to 50 percent of men and women. There is also another concern about the increased risk of abuse in a dating relationship due to the tendency of couples to prolong the dating relationship before marriage (Burke, Stets  Pirog-Good, 1988).            All of these issues are worth exploring. Women and children appear to be at special risk given their vulnerability. Another vulnerable group is the aged, who have no support systems to rely on. References Burke, P. J., Stets, J. E.  Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988). Gender Identity, Self-Esteem,   and Physical and Sexual Abuse in Dating Relationships. Social Psychology       Quarterly 51(3), 272-285. Canadian Health Network. (2004). What is psychological maltreatment? Retrieved       February 24, 2008, from http://www.canadian-health- network.ca/servlet/ContentServer?cid=1069439898222pagename=CHN- RCS%2FCHNResource%2FFAQCHNResourceTemplatec=CHNResourcelan        g=En National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse. Psychological Abuse. Retrieved            February 24, 2008, from   http://www.preventelderabuse.org/elderabuse/psychological.html PsychAbuse.info. (2006). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved February 24, 2008,  from http://www.psychabuse.info/Psychological_Abuse_FAQ.htm Wall, C. M. (1975). Child Abuse: A Societal Problem with Educational Implications.      Peabody Journal of Education 52(3), 222-225.
Friday, November 15, 2019
The Revolt Of Mother: The Power Of Decision Essay -- Mary Wilkins
The Revolt of Mother: The Power of Decision Decisions shape our lives. In history , the decisions of leaders and generals have changed the course of mankind. In today's world , multi-billion dollar corporations rest on the decisions of a few select executives. On a smaller but no less important scale, acting on decisions can liberate people from stagnation. In the story "The Revolt of Mother" the main character shows us the power of acting on decisions. Mother recognizes the wrongs of her situation and weighs the effect on her family. In the end she acts to free herself and her family from forty years of wrong. Mother lives forty years with a suppressed dreamâ€â€a new house promised to her after her wedding. She lives with the everyday routine of cleaning the house and cooking pies for the family. This shows the stagnation of her everyday existence; an existence brought about by forty years of non- decision. Mother stays content with her shack. "She was a masterly keeper of her box of a house. Her one living room never seemed to have in it any of the dust which the friction of life with inanimate matter produces"(LACpg.284). This shows the lack of empowerment mother has at this time of the story. This state is partly due to the societyâ€â€a time that was male dominated and discouraged the wife to speak outâ€â€and partly because mother just feel into a routine that included everything except her happiness. I felt that mother centered her life around providing for her family but forgot to look towards her own needs. She bakes pies, cooks dinner and it everything else except things that made her happy. Mother discovers disturbing news when she learns that her future house is giving way to Father's new barn. Mother would have probably let her dream die if it were not for a conversation with her daughter. Mother realizes that it's not just her happiness involved. This breach of contract now involved the happiness of the family. Mother does something that changes her state: she decides and acts on it. Many times our personal happiness takes a back seat in a busy world. I forget my own need sometimes just trying to please loved onesâ€â€mom, dad, mom, dad. Sometimes when someone else's happiness is in jeopardy I'm more inclined to act. Mother is ashamed that her daughter is going to be married in such a small, drafty house. "I want you to lo... ...gave Mrs. Penn a name Sarahâ€â€in the end because she claims the god given right to be noticed and heard. Sarah Penn reminds me of another historical figure that forced a changeâ€â€Mrs. Rosa Parks. Mrs. Rosa Parks decided that she was tired so she sat in the white section of the bus. Her decision to sit and her act of defiance forced us to re-evaluate Civil Rights. We were forced to know her name and realize her wrong. The power of acting out a decision gave Mrs. Rosa Parks a name and a voice that others rallied around to right a breach of contract. A decision that is made and acted upon has no other outcome but results. It forces a change to happen and sets us free from a circular trap of inaction and indecision. I decide tonight to break a cycle of indecision by calling someone. For an entire week I was thinking up reasons to call this person. For an entire week I was caught in indecision. In the middle of writing this paper, I decide to bite the bullet and call. Sure enough, I broke the cycle and received some results. The results raised some new problemsâ€â€a decision of where to bring her for l unch. I will take this kind of decision over a week or wondering any day.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Plato and Aristotle: a Comparison
Plato and Aristotle are two of the earliest known thinkers in metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Although Aristotle was a student of Plato, the two had some very contrasting ideas.MetaphysicsPlato and Aristotle believed in the concept of forms, although they had different definitions of the concept. Plato's take on metaphysics can be labeled as dualism. Plato developed his ideas a priori; he formulated his own explanations of an ideal reality and applied them to the observable world.Reality had two levels for Plato: the level of the observable objects, and the level of forms (the ideal). The observable aspect of the world are but imperfect copies of the forms, and observable objects are impermanent, as opposed to forms, which are eternal. Plato's forms can be understood as blueprints that existed outside of the observable, and on which everything observable depends; thus these forms are more â€Å"real†than the observable. Plato uses analogies for this explanation; in his allegory of the cave, for example, lifetime immobile prisoners see only shadows on a cave wall and think that the shadows are the ultimate reality.Although it cannot be disputed that the shadows are â€Å"real,†it is the objects that are casting the shadows that are, in a sense, the true reality. Aside from the well-known allegory of the cave, Plato used a number of other metaphors to explain his metaphysical views, such as the metaphor of the sun, and the divided line. Conversely, Aristotle developed his ideas a posterioriâ€â€by directly observing the world and then deriving â€Å"formulas†for this observable reality. His primary concern in this area was causality. Aristotle believed in only one level of reality, and he believed that form had no existence outside of physical, observable reality.Aristotle's concern on the relationship of form and matter led to his concepts of causality. He believed that there are four very basic causes that can be applied to anything: the Material cause, or, in Aristtle's words, â€Å"that out of which a thing comes to be, and which persists,†the formal cause, â€Å"the statement of essence†(which states that anything is determined by the definition or archetype), the Efficient cause, (the primary source of change), and the Final cause, (the end, or the intent of an action).EpistemologyPlato's epistemology holds that all knowledge is innate, which means the process of learning is actually just a recollection of knowledge buried deep in the soul; Plato believed that before birth the soul had a perfect knowledge of everything. This is the basic precept of Plato's Theory of Ideas. According to Plato, ideas are permanent and absolute. In Plato's view all human actions can be judged through the standard of these concrete and absolute ideas, but Aristotle refutes Plato's theory on the grounds that Plato's arguments are inconclusiveâ€â€stating that Plato's arguments are not convincin g or lead to contradictory conclusions.Aristotle refutes Plato's claim that Ideas are absolute, perfect entities outside of human experience, but argues that, on the contrary, ideas exist in the mind alone and are simply duplicates or interpretations of things that are experienced. Aristotle claims that all standards are based on things that are first experienced. Aristotle agreed with Plato's notion that the immaterial (form) and the material (matter) were distinctly separate entities; however, he states that forms (or ideas) exist in the mind and are dependent on the observer, and argues that Plato's theory of ideas goes by the incorrect premise of absolute universal definitions for material, observable things.EthicsPlato's ethics states that â€Å"good†is born of knowledge and â€Å"evil†is born of ignorance (lack of knowledge). Hence Plato argues that the path to a good life is purely intellectual.Plato's absolutism dictates that there is only one right co urse of action, one that is true in every case and exists independent of human opinion or interpretation. On the other hand Aristotle adopted a scientific, empirical approach to ethical problems. He believed that in order for human actions to be judged as moral or immoral, they must have a certain degree of health and wealth. Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge, like metaphysics and epistemology, but general knowledge.Also, Aristotle argued that the achievement of â€Å"good†must be a practical discipline, as opposed to Plato's heavily theoretical approach. He claimed that to become good cannot be achieved simply by studying virtue, but that one must practice virtue in everyday life. He called the ultimate goal of this discipline the â€Å"Highest Good.† Also, for Aristotle the achievement of happiness was by application of the â€Å"golden mean†, which just means moderation in everyday life. Aristotle argued that happin ess could not be found only in pleasure, or only in fame and honor. He claims that happiness can be achieved through knowledge of humanity's specific purpose; that is, according to him, â€Å"by ascertaining the specific function of man.†PoliticsIn his political theories, Plato focused on formulating the perfect society by finding ways to cure humanity of its social and personal failures. Plato, in Republic, described the ideal government as having a philosopher-king as its leader, a king with a completely just soul who would thus be able to run a completely just government. Plato also argued that since he can imagine such a leader, than such a leader can exist. Plato's utopia consists of three non-hereditary classes: Guardians, Auxiliaries, and Workers. The guardians are wise and good rulers and high-level civil servants, the auxiliaries soldiers and lower civil servants, and the workers composed of unskilled laborers.Unlike Plato, Aristotle was not concerned with the per fection of society, but simply its improvement, within what he believed were a more realistic context. Aristotle agreed that Plato's government, with its philosopher-king, would be ideal, but did not believe that such a person could exist, and thus dismissed the possibility that such a government could exist, and considers other systems that he believed are more realistic. Plato's belief in this philosopher-king reflects his theories of knowledge, which have the a priori approach to reality. On the other hand, Aristotle bases his beliefs on the observable. And claims that since he has never encountered such a completely just man, he must discount that possibility of his existence.Aristotle argues that dividing society into distinct classes excludes men with ambition and wisdom but are not in the right class to hold political power. Another argument against Plato's class system is that guardians will, by nature of their work, be deprived of happiness, and such guardians will natur ally assume that the same strict lifestyle be imposed on all of society. Aristotle valued moderation more, in contrast to Plato's utopia, which carried expectations to such extremes that it was no longer realistic to Aristotle.Aristotle derived a theory of Democracy, where he puts emphasis on the polis, or city-state, which allows political participation by the average citizen. He claimed that â€Å"the people at large should be sovereign rather than the few best.†However, this is contrary to Plato's beliefs, who argues that the public's decisions would be based on mere belief and not fact. Essentially, we can describe Plato as having been in pursuit of a philosophical, idealized truth, whereas Aristotle was concerned with the more worldly and realistic concerns of the citizen and the government. Although they had widely divergent views, they had essentially the same goal of a better society.References:Silverman, A. (2003). Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Episte mology. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2003/entries/plato-metaphysics.Cohen, S. M. (2003). Aristotle's Metaphysics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition).Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2003/entries/aristotle-metaphysics.Frede, D. (2003). Plato's Ethics: An Overview. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2003 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from  http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2003/entries/plato-ethics.Kraut, R. (2005). Aristotle's Ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2005 Edition). Rerieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/aristotle-ethics.Miller, F. (2002). Aristotle's Political Theory. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2002 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002 /entries/aristotle-politics.Brown, E. (2003). Plato's Ethics and Politics in The Republic. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2003/entries/plato-ethics-politics.Aristotle. (2006, February). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle.Plato. (2006, February). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato.Platonic Epistemology. (2006, February). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved Ferruary 24, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_epistemology.Falcon, A. (2006). Aristotle on Causality. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2006 Edition). http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2006/entries/aristotle-causality.
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